Compositions and methods for control of insect infestations in plants

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to controlling pest infestation by inhibiting one or more biological functions in an invertebrate pest. The invention discloses methods and compositions for use in controlling pest infestation by feeding one or more different recombinant double stranded RNA molecules to the pest in order to achieve a reduction in pest infestation through suppression of gene expression. The invention is also directed to methods for making transgenic plants that express the double stranded RNA molecules, and to particular combinations of transgenic pesticidal agents for use in protecting plants from pest infestation.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Applications60/560,842, filed Apr. 9, 2004, 60/565,632, filed Apr. 27, 2004,60/579,062, filed Jun. 11, 2004, 60/603,421, filed Aug. 20, 2004,60/617,261, filed Oct. 11, 2004, and 60/______, filed Apr. 7, 2005, eachincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to genetic control of pestinfestations in plants and in and on animals. More specifically, thepresent invention relates to the methods for modifying endogenousexpression of coding sequences in the cell or tissue of a particularpest. More specifically, the present invention utilizes recombinant DNAtechnologies to post-transcriptionally repress or inhibit expression ofa target coding sequence in the cell of a pest, by feeding to the pestone or more double stranded or small interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA)molecules transcribed from all or a portion of a target coding sequence,thereby controlling the infestation. Therefore, the present inventionrelates to sequence-specific inhibition of expression of codingsequences using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small interfering RNA(siRNA) to achieve the intended levels of pest control.

Novel isolated and substantially purified nucleic acid moleculesincluding but not limited to non-naturally occurring nucleotidesequences and recombinant DNA constructs for transcribing the dsRNA orsiRNA molecules of the present invention are also provided that suppressor inhibit the expression of an endogenous coding sequence or a targetcoding sequence in the pest when introduced thereto. Transgenic plantsthat (a) contain nucleotide sequences encoding the isolated andsubstantially purified nucleic acid molecules and the non-naturallyoccurring recombinant DNA constructs for transcribing the dsRNA or siRNAmolecules for controlling plant pest infestations, and (b) displayresistance and/or enhanced tolerance to the insect infestations, arealso provided. Compositions containing the dsRNA nucleotide sequences ofthe present invention for use in topical applications onto plants oronto animals or into the environment of an animal to achieve theelimination or reduction of pest infestation are also described.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The environment in which humans live is replete with pest infestation.Pests including insects, arachnids, crustaceans, fungi, bacteria,viruses, nematodes, flatworms, roundworms, pinworms, hookworms,tapeworms, trypanosomes, schistosomes, botflies, fleas, ticks, mites,and lice and the like are pervasive in the human environment, and amultitude of means have been utilized for attempting to controlinfestations by these pests. Compositions for controlling infestationsby microscopic pests such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses have beenprovided in the form of antibiotic compositions, antiviral compositions,and antifungal compositions. Compositions for controlling infestationsby larger pests such as nematodes, flatworm, roundworms, pinworms,heartworms, tapeworms, trypanosomes, schistosomes, and the like havetypically been in the form of chemical compositions which can either beapplied to the surfaces of substrates on which pests are known toinfest, or to be ingested by an infested animal in the form of pellets,powders, tablets, pastes, or capsules and the like. The presentinvention is directed to providing an improved means for controllingpest infestation compared to the compositions known in the art.

Commercial crops are often the targets of insect attack. Substantialprogress has been made in the last a few decades towards developing moreefficient methods and compositions for controlling insect infestationsin plants. Chemical pesticides have been very effective in eradicatingpest infestations. However, there are several disadvantages to usingchemical pesticidal agents. Chemical pesticidal agents are notselective. Applications of chemical pesticides are intended to controlinvertebrate pests that are harmful to various crops and other plants.However, because of the lack of selectivity, the chemical pesticidalagents exert their effects on non-target fauna as well, ofteneffectively sterilizing a field for a period of time over which thepesticidal agents have been applied. Chemical pesticidal agents persistin the environment and generally are slow to be metabolized, if at all.They accumulate in the food chain, and particularly in the higherpredator species. Accumulations of these chemical pesticidal agentsresults in the development of resistance to the agents and in specieshigher up the evolutionary ladder, act as mutagens and/or carcinogensoften causing irreversible and deleterious genetic modifications. Thusthere has been a long felt need for environmentally friendly methods forcontrolling or eradicating insect infestation on or in plants, i.e.,methods which are selective, environmentally inert, non-persistent, andbiodegradable, and that fit well into pest resistance managementschemes.

Compositions that include Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) bacteria havebeen commercially available and used as environmentally safe andacceptable insecticides for more than thirty years. The insecticidaleffect of Bt bacteria arises as a result of proteins that are producedexclusively by these bacteria that do not persist in the environment,that are highly selective as to the target species affected, exert theireffects only upon ingestion by a target pest, and have been shown to beharmless to plants and other non-targeted organisms, including humans.Transgenic plants containing one or more genes encoding insecticidalB.t. protein are also available in the art and are remarkably efficientin controlling insect pest infestation. A substantial result of the useof recombinant plants expressing Bt insecticidal proteins is a markeddecrease in the amount of chemical pesticidal agents that are applied tothe environment to control pest infestation in crop fields in areas inwhich such transgenic crops are used. The decrease in application ofchemical pesticidal agents has resulted in cleaner soils and cleanerwaters running off of the soils into the surrounding streams, rivers,ponds and lakes. In addition to these environmental benefits, there hasbeen a noticeable increase in the numbers of beneficial insects in cropfields in which transgenic insect resistant crops are grown because ofthe decrease in the use of chemical insecticidal agents.

The adventitious use of recombinant plants expressing an insecticidalcrystal protein toxin has strengthened the concern about the spontaneousdevelopment of resistance to the toxin in the target pest population.One means for delaying or eliminating the onset of resistance in thepest population is to combine the recombinant toxin with a second meansfor controlling the pests in which the second means exerts its effectsthrough a different mode of action in comparison to the recombinanttoxin. One means for deploying two or more toxins would be toincorporate a seed treatment containing some insecticidal compositionthat is effective at very low doses and which infuses into the soil orinto the growing recombinant plant after sprouting. This means has beenshown to be effective and economical, but has the disadvantage ofsubjecting the environment to a chemical pesticide that may accumulatein the food chain and that may persist in the environment. Another meanswould be to deploy a recombinant plant that expresses at least twodifferent insecticidal toxins, each toxin being toxic to the same insectpest, and each toxin exerting its effects through a different mode ofaction. In the short term this second approach is cost effective andlikely sufficient to delay the development of resistance in the pestpopulation. However, there may be at least two disadvantages to thisapproach as well. One disadvantage is that any development of resistanceto one of the insecticidal toxins deployed into the environment of thepest immediately increases the likelihood that resistance could developsooner than anticipated to a second or even a third toxin. Also, thereis a limited number of insecticidal crystal protein toxins that aretoxic to the same insect pest that are available for use that, whencombined with another insecticidal protein, would fall within thedefined scope of exerting its effects through a different mode of actionthan toxins presently in use. Therefore, additional compositions andmethods for controlling pest infestation are needed, and in particular,methods and compositions are needed for use in delaying or minimizingthe development of resistance to present pest control agents.

Chemical pesticidal agents typically exert their effects by inhibitingone or more proteins within the target pest either by bindingirreversibly to an active site within a particular protein, byinhibiting the protein from acting upon a naturally occurring substrate,or by poisoning a respiratory or chemical gradient pathway. Recombinantmethods and compositions have typically targeted cell membrane systemsby producing proteins that, upon ingestion by a pest, introduce poresthat result in the loss of chemical or other gradients across disruptedcell membranes. Other than chemical compositions that directly exerttheir effects upon proteins involved in transcription or translationmechanisms, no method has been reported for controlling pest infestationby inhibiting in the target pest the production of essential proteinsthrough RNA mediated interference by providing one or more doublestranded RNA molecules in the diet of the pest.

Antisense methods and compositions have been reported in the art and arebelieved to exert their effects through the synthesis of asingle-stranded RNA molecule that in theory hybridizes in vivo to asubstantially complementary sense strand RNA molecule. It is believedthat the antisense methods function in much the same way as doublestranded RNA mediated interference methods are believed to function,except that the effectiveness of the antisense response is oftensubstantially less than desirable, intermittent, or not evident at all.Furthermore, there has never been a report in which antisense wascontemplated as a means for suppressing expression of a gene in a cellremote from the cell or biological system in which the antisensesequence was expressed. Antisense technology has only been applied as ameans for achieving gene-specific interference of expression within thecell or biological system in which the antisense sequence is expressed.Antisense technology has been difficult to employ in many systems forthree principle reasons. First, the antisense sequence expressed in thetransformed cell is unstable. Second, the instability of the antisensesequence expressed in the transformed cell concomitantly createsdifficulty in delivery of the sequence to a host, cell type, orbiological system remote from the transgenic cell. Third, thedifficulties encountered with instability and delivery of the antisensesequence create difficulties in attempting to provide a dose within therecombinant cell expressing the antisense sequence that can effectivelymodulate the level of expression of the target sense nucleotidesequence.

The phenomenon of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induced silencing has beenknown for a number of years in plant systems. One form of dsRNA inducedsilencing is referred to as co-suppression and as virus-induced genesilencing (VIGS) and is reviewed in Matzke et al. (Adv. Genet., 2002,46:235-275). Co-suppression and VIGS effects in recombinant plantsystems were observed but unexplained before dsRNA was identified inanimal systems as the trigger for induction of the evolutionarilyconserved mechanism of gene suppression. Guo et al. first observed thatthe use of sense RNA as a control was as effective as antisense RNA inspecific silencing of a targeted gene in C. elegans (Guo et al., 1995,Cell 81:611-620). Fire et al. suspected that the single stranded RNApreparations used by Guo et al. were contaminated with dsRNA, andsubsequently demonstrated that dsRNA was a much more potent trigger thansingle stranded RNA for achieving gene specific silencing. Theobservations by Fire et al. distinguished the physical attribute ofdouble stranded RNA suppression from antisense suppression (Fire et al.,1998, Nature 391:806-811). It is believed that the post-transcriptionalgene silencing effects observed in plants (Jorgensen, 1990, TrendsBiotechnol. 8:340-344) and the quelling effect in fungi (Romano et al.,1992, Mol. Microbiol. 6:3343-3353; Bernstein et al., 2001, RNA7:1509-1521) using single stranded RNA is a result of contamination ofsamples with double stranded RNA sequences (Dykxhoorn et al., 2003,Nature Reviews 4:457-467; Hannon et al., 2002, Nature 418:244-251). Itis now clear, however, that double stranded RNA mediated inhibition ofgene expression, co-suppression, and virus-induced gene silencing aretriggered by dsRNA and operate by similar mechanisms (Stevenson, 2003,Nature Reviews 3:851-858; Bernstein et al., 2001, RNA 7:1509-1521).

The lack of understanding of the specific mechanisms involved in thesephenomena has meant that there have been few improvements intechnologies for modulating the level of gene expression within a cell,tissue, or organism, and in particular, a lack of developed technologiesfor delaying, repressing or otherwise reducing the expression ofspecific genes using recombinant DNA technology. Furthermore, as aconsequence of the unpredictability of these approaches, no commerciallyviable means for modulating the level of expression of a specific genein a eukaryotic or prokaryotic organism is available.

Double stranded RNA mediated inhibition of specific genes in variouspests has been previously demonstrated. dsRNA mediated approaches togenetic control have been tested in the fruit fly Drosophilamelanogaster (Tabara et al., 1998, Science 282:430-431). Tabara et. al.describe a method for delivery of dsRNA involved generating transgenicinsects that express double stranded RNA molecules or injecting dsRNAsolutions into the insect body or within the egg sac prior to or duringembryonic development. Research investigators have previouslydemonstrated that double stranded RNA mediated gene suppression can beachieved in nematodes either by feeding or by soaking the nematodes insolutions containing double stranded or small interfering RNA moleculesand by injection of the dsRNA molecules. Rajagopal et. al. describedfailed attempts to suppress an endogenous gene in larvae of the insectpest Spodoptera litura by feeding or by soaking neonate larvae insolutions containing dsRNA specific for the target gene, but wassuccessful in suppression after larvae were injected with dsRNA into thehemolymph of 5^(th) instar larvae using a microapplicator (J. Biol.Chem., 2002, 277:46849-46851). Similarly, Mesa et al. (US 2003/0150017)prophetically described a preferred locus for inhibition of thelepidopteran larvae Helicoverpa armigera using dsRNA delivered to thelarvae by ingestion of a plant transformed to produce the dsRNA. It isbelieved that it would be impractical to provide dsRNA molecules in thediet of most invertebrate pest species or to inject compositionscontaining dsRNA into the bodies of invertebrate pests. The diet methodof providing dsRNA molecules to invertebrate pests is impracticalbecause RNA molecules, even stabilized double stranded RNA molecules,are in effect highly unstable in mildly alkaline or acidic environmentssuch as those found in the digestive tracts of most invertebrate pests,and easily degraded by nucleases in the environment. Therefore it isunlikely that feeding dsRNA to a lepidopteran larvae having a digestivetract pH in the extreme alkaline range would result in the suppressionof any gene within the cells of the larvae. It would also be impracticalto formulate compositions containing dsRNA molecules, such asrecombinant bacteria expressing such dsRNA molecules, as a food sourcefor nematodes, that could be applied to broad expanses of soil tocontrol invertebrate pest infestations of crop plants.

Therefore, there exists a need for improved methods of modulating geneexpression by repressing, delaying or otherwise reducing gene expressionwithin a particular invertebrate pest for the purpose of controllingpest infestation or to introduce novel phenotypic traits.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in one embodiment, comprises a method ofinhibiting expression of a target gene in an invertebrate pest.Specifically, the present invention comprises a method of modulating orinhibiting expression of one or more target genes in an invertebratepest, in particular, in Western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgiferavirgifera LeConte) and the like, that cause cessation of feeding,growth, development, reproduction and infectivity and eventually resultin the death of the insect. The method comprises introduction of partialor fully, stabilized double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or its modified formssuch as small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences, into the cells or intothe extracellular environment, such as the midgut, within aninvertebrate pest body wherein the dsRNA or siRNA enters the cells andinhibits expression of at least one or more target genes and whereininhibition of the one or more target genes exerts a deleterious effectupon the invertebrate pest. It is specifically contemplated that themethods and compositions of the present invention will be useful inlimiting or eliminating invertebrate pest infestation in or on any pesthost, pest symbiont, or environment in which a pest prefers by providingone or more compositions comprising dsRNA molecules in the diet of thepest so long as the pest digestive system pH is within the range of fromabout 4.5 to about 9.5, from about 5 to about 9, from about 6 to about8, and from about pH 7.0.

The present application discloses an exemplary sequence listingcontaining the both the nucleotide and amino acid sequences from WesternCorn Rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera), as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1through SEQ ID NO:40746, and from other coleopteran insects includingColorado Potato Beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and Red FlourBeetle (RFB, Tribolium castaneum), from lepidopteran insects includingEuropean Corn Borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis), Black Cutworm (BCW,Agrotis ipsilon), Corn Earworm (CEW, Helicoverpa zea), Fall Armyworm(FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda), Cotton Ball Weevil (BWV, Anthonomusgrandis), silkworms (Bombyx mori) and Manduca sexta and from Dipteraninsects including Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae, and Aedesaegypti, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40747 through SEQ ID NO:40771. Thesequence listing is included along with the paper copy of thisapplication on one CD-ROM diskette.

The computer readable form at file corresponding to the sequence listingis labeled as SeqListing.TXT and contains the sequence listinginformation for corn rootworm Unigene sequences and EST sequences (SEQID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303 and SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ IDNO:40746), corn rootworm specific probe sequences, primer sequences,amplicon sequences, and sequences encoding double stranded RNA sequences(SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700) and the v-ATPase and ribosomalprotein L19 orthologs from other insects as described above (SEQ IDNO:40747 through SEQ ID NO:40771).

The present invention provides a method for suppression of geneexpression in an invertebrate pest such as a corn rootworm or relatedspecies comprises the step of providing in the diet of the pest a genesuppressive amount of at least one dsRNA molecule transcribed from anucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303,SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 and SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQID NO:40700 in the sequence listing, at least one segment of which iscomplementary to an mRNA sequence formed within the cells of the pest,and observing the death, inhibition, stunting, or cessation of feedingof the pest.

In another aspect of the present invention, the method comprises thestep of feeding to the pest one (or more) stabilized dsRNA molecules orits modified form such as an siRNA molecule the nucleotide sequence ofwhich is at least from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 89, 90,91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or about 100% identical to an RNAmolecule transcribed from a nucleotide sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701through SEQ ID NO:40746, and SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700.

Accordingly, in another aspect of the present invention, a set ofisolated and purified nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1through SEQ ID NO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746, andSEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequencelisting is provided. The nucleotide sequences disclosed herein as setforth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303 and SEQ ID NO:40701 throughSEQ ID NO:40746 were isolated and substantially purified fromcomplementary DNA (cDNA) libraries, made from WCR insect larvae. Thenucleotide sequences disclosed herein as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40607through SEQ ID NO:40700 in the sequence listing were isolated andsubstantially purified from the genomic DNA of the Southern cornrootworm insect pest, or from mRNA pools isolated from the insect pest,from cDNA nucleotide sequences derived from such mRNA pools, orsynthesized denovo based on nucleotide sequences disclosed herein orknown in the art as T7 phage RNA polymerase promoter sequences. Thepresent invention provides a stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecule or theexpression of one or more miRNAs for inhibition of expression of atarget gene in an invertebrate pest such as a WCR insect. A stabilizeddsRNA, miRNA or siRNA molecule can comprise at least two codingsequences that are arranged in a sense and an antisense orientationrelative to at least one promoter, wherein the nucleotide sequence thatcomprises a sense strand and an antisense strand are linked or connectedby a spacer sequence of at least from about five to about one thousandnucleotides, wherein the sense strand and the antisense strand aredifferent in length, and wherein each of the two coding sequences sharesat least 80% sequence identity, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least98%, or even 100% sequence identity, to a nucleotide sequence as setforth in one of SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, and SEQ ID NO:40701through SEQ ID NO:40746 in the sequence listing.

The invention also provides non-naturally occurring (NNO) nucleotidesequences that may be used to target genes in the invertebrate pest fordouble stranded RNA mediated suppression in order to achieve desiredinhibition of the target genes. Any one of the nucleotide sequences asset forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, and SEQ ID NO:40701through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700(CRW sequences set forth in the sequence listing) may be used toconstruct such a NNO nucleotide sequence.

The present invention also provides a recombinant DNA construct encodingthe dsRNA molecules contemplated herein for introduction into a hostcell. The recombinant DNA construct comprises a nucleotide sequence thatis transcribed into RNA by the host cell. The transcribed RNA forms atleast one dsRNA molecule, such that one strand of the dsRNA molecule iscoded by a portion of the nucleotide sequence which is at least fromabout 80% to about 100% identical to a nucleotide sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303 and SEQ IDNO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 and SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ IDNO:40700. The recombinant DNA construct is capable of producing dsRNAmolecules in the host cell and inhibiting the expression of theendogenous gene or the target gene or a derivative thereof or acomplementary sequence thereto in the host cell, or in a pest cell uponingestion of the transformed host cell by an invertebrate pest. Anucleotide sequence of the present invention is placed under the controlof a promoter sequence that is operable in the host cell and expressedto produce ribonucleic acid sequences that form dsRNA molecules withinthe host cell. The dsRNA molecules may be further processed either inthe host cell or in an invertebrate pest to form siRNA molecules.

The present invention also provides a recombinant DNA sequence for planttransformation constructed to contain at least one non-naturallyoccurring nucleotide sequence that can be transcribed into a singlestranded RNA molecule. The single stranded RNA molecule forms a doublestranded RNA molecule in vivo through intermolecular hybridization that,when provided in the diet of an invertebrate pest, inhibits theexpression of at least one target gene in a cell of the invertebratepest. The non-naturally occurring nucleotide sequence is operably linkedto at least one promoter sequence that functions in a transgenic plantcell to transcribe the operably linked non-naturally occurringnucleotide sequence into one or more ribonucleic acid sequences. The RNAsequences self assemble into double stranded RNA molecules and areprovided in the diet of an invertebrate pest that feeds upon thetransgenic plant. The provision of the dsRNA molecules in the diet ofthe pest achieves the desired inhibition of expression of one or moretarget genes within the pest.

The present invention also provides a recombinant host cell having inits genome at least one recombinant DNA sequence that is transcribed inthe host cell to produce at least one dsRNA molecule that functions wheningested by an invertebrate pest to inhibit the expression of a targetgene in the pest. The dsRNA molecule is coded by a portion of anucleotide sequence that exhibits at least from about 80 to about 100%identity to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 throughSEQ ID NO:20303 and SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 or SEQ IDNO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 in the sequence listing. Exemplarynucleotide sequences for use in constructing dsRNA agents that targetWCR genes for suppression are as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ IDNO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 and SEQ ID NO:40607through SEQ ID NO:40700 in the sequence listing.

The present invention also provides a recombinant DNA construct forplant transformation that consists of at least two differentnon-naturally occurring sequences which, when expressed in vivo as RNAsequences and provided in the diet of an invertebrate pest, inhibit theexpression of at least two different target genes in the cell of theinvertebrate pest. The first non-naturally occurring sequence istranscribed into RNA that forms at least one first dsRNA molecule. Oneportion of the first dsRNA molecule is encoded by a portion of the firstnon-naturally occurring sequence and exhibits at least from about 80 toabout 100% identity to at least one of the nucleotide sequences as setforth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 inthe sequence listing, and to the nucleotide sequence of the first targetgene, derivative thereof, or sequence complementary thereto. The secondnon-naturally occurring sequence is transcribed into RNA that forms asecond dsRNA molecule. One portion of the second dsRNA molecule isencoded by a portion of the second non-naturally occurring sequence andexhibits at least from about 80 to about 100% identity to a nucleotidesequence selected from the group as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQID NO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 and in SEQ IDNO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 in the sequence listing and to thenucleotide sequence of the second target gene, derivative thereof, orsequence complementary thereto. The two non-naturally occurringsequences are placed operably under the control of at least one promotersequence. The promoter sequence functions to express the first andsecond dsRNA molecules in the transgenic plant cell. The dsRNA moleculesare provided in a pest inhibitory concentration in the diet of aninvertebrate pest feeding on the transgenic plant, and ingestion ofplant cells by the pest achieves the desired inhibition of expression ofthe target genes in the pest.

The present invention also provides a transformed plant cell having inits genome at least one of the aforementioned recombinant DNA sequencesfor plant transformation. Transgenic plants are generated from thetransformed plant cell, and progeny plants, seeds, and plant products,each comprising the recombinant DNA, are produced from the transgenicplants.

The methods and compositions of the present invention may be applied toany monocot and dicot plant, depending on the invertebrate pest controldesired, or may be applied to through pharmaceutically acceptableformulations to vertebrate animals in order to provide some level ofreduction of invertebrate pest infestation. Specifically, the plants areintended to comprise without limitation alfalfa, aneth, apple, apricot,artichoke, arugula, asparagus, avocado, banana, barley, beans, beet,blackberry, blueberry, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, canola,cantaloupe, carrot, cassava, cauliflower, celery, cherry, cilantro,citrus, clementine, coffee, corn, cotton, cucumber, Douglas fir,eggplant, endive, escarole, eucalyptus, fennel, figs, gourd, grape,grapefruit, honey dew, jicama, kiwifruit, lettuce, leeks, lemon, lime,Loblolly pine, mango, melon, mushroom, nut, oat, okra, onion, orange, anornamental plant, papaya, parsley, pea, peach, peanut, pear, pepper,persimmon, pine, pineapple, plantain, plum, pomegranate, poplar, potato,pumpkin, quince, radiata pine, radicchio, radish, raspberry, rice, rye,sorghum, Southern pine, soybean, spinach, squash, strawberry, sugarbeet,sugarcane, sunflower, sweet potato, sweetgum, tangerine, tea, tobacco,tomato, turf, a vine, watermelon, wheat, yams, and zucchini plants.

The present invention also provides a pest control agent comprising adsRNA molecule transcribed from a nucleotide sequence of the presentinvention. The nucleotide sequence shares at least from about 80 toabout 100% sequence identity to at least one of the nucleotide sequencesas set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 inthe sequence listing. In one form, the pest control agents comprisedsRNA molecules. In another form, the pest control agents comprise siRNAmolecules. In still another form, the pest control agents compriserecombinant DNA sequences that encode mRNA molecules that form the dsRNAor siRNA molecules for introduction into plants and microbes. In yetanother form, the pest control agents are microbes that containrecombinant DNA sequences that encode the RNA molecules that form thedsRNA or siRNA molecules. The pest control agent is preferably an insector a nematode pest control agent.

It is intended that the pest control agent act to reduce or eliminateinfestation of a corn rootworm, but it is also contemplated that themethods and compositions set forth herein are capable of being utilizedto derive related sequences from other pests and utilize thosederivatives for controlling infestation of the other pest(s). It isfurther contemplated that the insect pest may be selected from anygenus, family, or order of insect. For corn rootworms, it iscontemplated that the pest be selected from the same genus, same family,or order to which a corn rootworm belongs. Further, the presentinventors contemplate that the present invention may be used and appliedto control any species from the insect kingdom and from nematodes,fungal pathogens, virus, bacteria and any other invertebrate plantpests.

The invention also provides combinations of methods and compositions forcontrolling invertebrate pest infestations. One means provides the dsRNAmethods and compositions described herein for protecting plants frominsect infestation along with one or more insecticidal agents thatexhibit features different from those exhibited by the dsRNA methods andcompositions. For example, when Bt proteins are provided in the diet ofinsect pests a mode of action for controlling the insect pest isexhibited that is dramatically different from the mode of action of themethods and compositions of the present invention. A composition, eitherformulated for topical application or one derived using a transgenicapproach that combines dsRNA methods and compositions with Bt methodsand compositions results in synergies that were not known previously inthe art for controlling insect infestation. Transgenic plants thatproduce one or more dsRNA or siRNA molecules that inhibit some essentialbiological function in a target pest along with one or more B.t.insecticidal proteins that are toxic to the target pest providesurprising synergies. One synergy is the reduction in the level ofexpression required for either the dsRNA(s) or the Bt protein(s). Whencombined together, a lower effective dose of each pest control agent isrequired. It is believed that the Bt insecticidal proteins create entrypores through which the dsRNA or siRNA molecules are able to penetratemore effectively into spaces remote from the gut of the insect pest, ormore efficiently into the cells in the proximity of lesions created bythe Bt proteins, thus requiring less of either the Bt or the dsRNA toachieve the desired insecticidal result or the desired inhibition orsuppression of a targeted biological function in the target pest.

The inventors herein describe a plurality of inventions, including amethod for controlling invertebrate pest infestations by providing adiet to an invertebrate pest an agent comprising or consisting of aribonucleic acid that functions upon ingestion by the pest to inhibitthe expression of a target nucleotide sequence that is within the cellsof the pest. The ribonucleic acid that is provided in the diet consistsof a ribonucleotide sequence that is, or that is complementary to, thetarget nucleotide sequence. The ribonucleotide sequence is transcribedfrom a contiguous DNA sequence that is at least from about 19 to about5000 nucleotides in length and that is selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701through SEQ ID NO:40746, SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700, andthe complement thereof. The method provides for the construction of anucleotide sequence that can be used to express an RNA molecule that canbe ingested by the pest in a diet provided to the pest. The diet can bean artificial diet formulated to meet the particular nutritionalrequirements for maintaining a pest on such diet, and be supplementedwith a pest controlling amount of the RNA that has been purified from aseparate expression system, the supplementation of the diet being forthe purpose of determining the pest controlling amount of the RNAcomposition, or determining whether one or more particular RNA'sconstructed specifically to bind or hybridize in part to one or moretarget sequences within the pest are functional in achieving some genesuppressive activity upon ingestion of the supplemented diet by thepest. The diet can also be a recombinant cell transformed with a DNAsequence constructed for expression of the agent, the RNA, or the genesuppression agent. Upon ingestion of one or more such transformed cellsby the pest, a desired genotypic or phenotypic result is observed,indicating that the agent has functioned to inhibit the expression of atarget nucleotide sequence that is within the cells of the pest.

The invertebrate pest is preferably an insect, an arachnid, a nematode,a platyhelminthe, an aschelminthe, a fungal pest, or any otherinvertebrate pest for which the gene suppression technology is amenable.More preferably, the invertebrate pest is one that is particularlyproblematic in terms of infestation of animals or plants. Moreparticularly, the invertebrate pest is an insect or a nematode or afungal pest that preferentially infests crop plants, ornamentals, and/orgrasses.

A DNA sequence that is selected for use in expression of a genesuppression agent of the present invention is preferably at least about19 to about 5000 nucleotides in length, and is at least in partsubstantially identical in sequence to the sense or the antisense strandof a target sequence present in the DNA of one or more particular targetpest species. The phrase “at least in part” is intended to refer to theconcept that the DNA sequence selected for use in expression of a genesuppression agent can be constructed from a single sequence derived fromone or more target pests and intended for use in expression of an RNAthat functions in the suppression of a single gene or gene family in theone or more target pests, or that the DNA sequence can be constructed asa chimera from a plurality of DNA sequences. The plurality of DNAsequences can be each be derived from one or more nucleotide sequencesfrom within a single pest, or can be derived one or more nucleotidesequences from a plurality of different pests. In particular theselected sequence should exhibit from about 80 to about 100% nucleotidesequence identity to a nucleotide sequence from the DNA of the pestspecies. The DNA of the pest species can be identified by directlyisolating the DNA from the pest species or by identification of RNAsequences within the pest species and reverse translating the RNAsequences to DNA. Sequences exemplifying DNA from corn rootworm pestspecies are set forth herein in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO:1through SEQ ID NO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746, SEQ IDNO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700, and the complements thereof.

The DNA sequences selected for use in expression of a gene suppressiveRNA molecule can be included in a polynucleotide composition for use ina plant cell. In particular the DNA sequences can be incorporated into avector for use in transforming the genome of a plant cell, and can beincorporated into an expression cassette containing at least a plantfunctional promoter operably linked to the selected DNA sequence alongwith any other expression control elements desired to achieve anappropriate cellular temporal or plant spatial level of expression. Theintroduction of the polynucleotide composition into the genome of aplant cell provides a transformed cell that can be selected, providingthat appropriate selective means have been included along with thepolynucleotide composition, and regenerated into a transgenicrecombinant plant. The transgenic plant, an event, can be provided inthe diet of the pest or pests to achieve control of a pest infestation.The transgenic plant can give rise to progeny plants, plant cells, andseeds each containing the polynucleotide composition.

The present invention provides a method for protecting a plant frominsect infestation by providing to the insec pest one or more of theplants' cells each expressing a gene suppressive RNA molecule from a DNAsequence that is selected from the group consisting of the sequencesexemplified herein. The ingestion of the plant cells containing the genesuppressive RNA, the pest or insect control agent, results in theinhibition of one or more biological functions in the pest or insect.

The present invention provides a composition that contains two or moredifferent pesticidal agents each toxic to the same pest or insectspecies. As indicated herein, one of these pesticidal agents can be aRNA molecule that functions to suppress an essential biological functionin one or more cells of the pest. A second pesticidal agent can beincluded along with the first. The second agent can be a second genesuppressive RNA that is different from the first, or the second agentcan be an agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, aBacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidalprotein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporousinsecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal protein, and alignin. A Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein can be any of anumber of insecticidal proteins including but not limited to a Cry1, aCry3, a TIC851, a CryET70, a Cry22, a binary insecticidal proteinCryET33 and CryET34, a binary insecticidal protein CryET80 and CryET76,a binary insecticidal protein TIC100 and TIC101, a binary insecticidalprotein PS149B1, a VIP insecticidal protein, a TIC900 or relatedprotein, a TIC901, TIC1201, TIC407, TIC417, and insecticidal chimeras ofany of the preceding insecticidal proteins.

The gene targeted for suppression, or the function in a pest cell or asa physiological or metatabooic aspect of the pest that is enabled by theexpression of the gene targeted for suppression, can encode an essentialprotein, the predicted function of which is selected from the groupconsisting of muscle formation, juvenile hormone formation, juvenilehormone regulation, ion regulation and transport, digestive enzymesynthesis, maintenance of cell membrane potential, amino acidbiosynthesis, amino acid degradation, sperm formation, pheromonesynthesis, pheromone sensing, antennae formation, wing formation, legformation, development and differentiation, egg formation, larvalmaturation, digestive enzyme formation, haemolymph synthesis, haemolymphmaintenance, neurotransmission, cell division, energy metabolism,respiration, and apoptosis. It is preferred that the DNA sequenceselected for constructing the suppression construct be derived from thenucleotide sequences set forth in the sequence listing for suppressionof a corn rootworm gene. It is envisioned that the method forcontrolling invertebrate pest infestation will include providing in thediet of the invertebrate pest an agent, for example, a firstribonucleotide sequence expressed from a first DNA sequence thatfunctions upon ingestion by the pest to inhibit a biological functionwithin said pest, and that the first DNA sequence exhibits from about 85to about 100% nucleotide sequence identity to a coding sequence derivedform said pest. The first ribonucleotide sequence may be hybridized to asecond ribonucleotide sequence that is complimentary or substantiallycomplimentary to the first ribonucleotide sequence, and the secondribonucleotide sequence is expressed from a second DNA sequence thatcorresponds to a coding sequence derived from the invertebrate pest,selected from the sequences set forth herein in the sequence listing, orthe complements thereof. It is preferred that the first and the secondDNA sequence comprise a contiguous sequence of identity to one or moreof the sequences set forth in the sequence listing, and be from about 14to about 25 or more contiguous nucleotides.

The invention functions at optimum when a diet containing a pest genesuppressive amount of an insecticidal agent, such as one or more RNAmolecules produced from the expression of one or more sequences setforth herein in the sequence listing, are provided to an invertebratepest that exhibits a digestive system pH that is from about 4.5 to about9.5, or from about 5.0 to about 9.0, or from about 5.5 to about 8.5, orfrom about 6.0 to about 8.0, or from about 6.5 to about 7.0, or about7.0. Any of the methods, nucleic acids, ribonucleic acids,ribonucleotide sequences, compositions, plants, plant cells, progenyplants, seeds, insect control agents, pest control agents, expressioncassettes, described herein are optionally functional when provided in adiet to one or more pests that comprise such a digestive tract pH.

The diet of the present invention can be any pest sufficient dietincluding but not limited to an artificial diet or formulation, a plantcell, a plurality of plant cells, a plant tissue, a plant root, a plantseed, and a plant grown from a plant seed, wherein the diet comprises apest inhibitory amount of an RNA molecule encoded from a DNA sequencethat is or is complimentary to, or is substantially or is substantiallycomplimentary to one or more contiguous at least from about 19 to about5000 nucleotides selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in thesequence listing, or selected from nucleotide sequences derived from aparticular invertebrate pest species.

Agronomically and commercially important products and/or compositions ofmatter including but not limited to animal feed, commodities, and cornproducts and by-products that are intended for use as food for humanconsumption or for use in compositions and commodities that are intendedfor human consumption including but not limited to corn flour, cornmeal, corn syrup, corn oil, corn starch, popcorn, corn cakes, cerealscontaining corn and corn by-products, and the like are intended to bewithin the scope of the present invention if these products andcompositions of matter contain detectable amounts of the nucleotidesequences set forth herein as being diagnostic for any transgenic eventcontaining such nucleotide sequences. These products are useful at leastbecause they are likely to be derived from crops and produce that arepropagated in fields containing fewer pesticides and organophosphates asa result of their incorporation of the nucleotides of the presentinvention for controlling the infestation of invertebrate pests inplants. Such commodities and commodity products are produced from seedproduced from a transgenic plant, wherein the transgenic plant expressesRNA from one or more contiguous nucleotides of the present invention ornucleotides of one or more invertebrate pests and the complimentsthereof. Such commodities and commodity products may also be useful incontrolling invertebrate pests of such commodity and commodity products,such as for example, control of flour weevils, because of the presencein the commodity or commodity product of the pest gene suppressive RNAexpressed from a gene sequence as set forth in the present invention.

The invention also provides a computer readable medium having recordedthereon one or more of the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ IDNO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746or in SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in thesequence listing, or complements thereof, for use in a number ofcomputer based applications, including but not limited to DNA identityand similarity searching, protein identity and similarity searching,transcription profiling characterizations, comparisons between genomes,and artificial hybridization analyses.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following is a detailed description of the invention provided to aidthose skilled in the art in practicing the present invention. Those ofordinary skill in the art may make modifications and variations in theembodiments described herein without departing from the spirit or scopeof the present invention.

The inventors have herein discovered that, contrary to the teachings inthe prior art, feeding a composition containing double stranded RNAmolecules consisting of sequences found within one or more expressednucleotide sequences of an invertebrate species to the invertebratespecies from which the nucleotide sequences were obtained results in theinhibition of one or more biological functions within the invertebratespecies. Particularly, the inventors have discovered that feeding doublestranded RNA molecules consisting of corn rootworm RNA sequencesrespectively to corn rootworms or lygus bugs surprisingly results in thedeath or inhibition of development and differentiation of the cornrootworms that ingest these compositions.

The inventors have identified the nucleotide sequence of thousands ofcDNA sequences obtained from each of the invertebrate pest species.Amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20304 through SEQ IDNO:40606 encoded by the cDNA sequences were deduced and compared to allknown amino acid sequences. Many of the cDNA sequences are predicted toencode proteins that have some annotation information associated withthem. The annotation information that is associated with a particularnucleotide sequence and protein sequence encoded therefrom is based onhomology or similarity between the amino acid sequences deduced throughtranslation of the cDNA sequences described herein as set forth in SEQID NO:20304 through SEQ ID NO:40606 and amino acid sequences that areknown in the art in publicly available databases. The deduced amino acidsequences as set forth herein were BLASTX-ed against all known aminoacid sequences, and likely functionalities of each of the deduced aminoacid sequences were assigned based on the alignment results. cDNAsequences encoding proteins or parts of proteins known in the art to beessential for survival, such as amino acid sequences involved in variousmetabolic or catabolic biochemical pathways, cell division,reproduction, energy metabolism, digestion, neurological function andthe like were selected for use in preparing double stranded RNAmolecules that were provided in the diet of an invertebrate pest. Asdescribed herein, ingestion by a target pest of compositions containingone or more dsRNA's, at least one segment of which corresponds to atleast a substantially identical segment of RNA produced in the cells ofthe target pest, resulted in death, stunting, or other inhibition of thetarget pest. These results indicated that a nucleotide sequence, eitherDNA or RNA, derived from an invertebrate pest can be used to construct arecombinant pest host or symbiont that is a target for infestation bythe pest. The pest host or symbiont can be transformed to contain one ormore of the nucleotide sequences derived from the invertebrate pest. Thenucleotide sequence transformed into the pest host or symbiont encodesone or more RNA's that form into a dsRNA sequence in the cells orbiological fluids within the transformed host or symbiont, thus makingthe dsRNA available in the diet of the pest if/when the pest feeds uponthe transgenic host or symbiont, resulting in the suppression ofexpression of one or more genes in the cells of the pest and ultimatelythe death, stunting, or other inhibition of the pest.

The present invention relates generally to genetic control ofinvertebrate pest infestations in host organisms. More particularly, thepresent invention includes the methods for delivery of pest controlagents to an invertebrate pest. Such pest control agents cause, directlyor indirectly, an impairment in the ability of the pest to maintainitself, grow or otherwise infest a target host or symbiont. The presentinvention provides methods for employing stabilized dsRNA molecules inthe diet of the pest as a means for suppression of targeted genes in thepest, thus achieving desired control of pest infestations in, or aboutthe host or symbiont targeted by the pest. Transgenic plants can beproduced using the methods of the present invention that expressrecombinant stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules.

In accomplishing the foregoing, the present invention provides a methodof inhibiting expression of a target gene in an invertebrate pest, andin particular, in Western corn rootworm (WCR) or other coleopteraninsect species, resulting in the cessation of feeding, growth,development, reproduction, infectivity, and eventually may result in thedeath of the pest. The method comprises introducing partial or fully,stabilized double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) nucleotide molecules or theirmodified forms such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules into anutritional composition that the pest relies on as a food source, andmaking the nutritional composition available to the pest for feeding.Ingestion of the nutritional composition containing the double strandedor siRNA molecules results in the uptake of the molecules by the cellsof the pest, resulting in the inhibition of expression of at least onetarget gene in the cells of the pest. Inhibition of the target geneexerts a deleterious effect upon the pest. dsRNA molecules or siRNAmolecules consist of nucleotide sequences as set forth in any of SEQ IDNO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746and SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 (sequence listing), theinhibition of which results in the reduction or removal of a protein ornucleotide sequence agent that is essential for the pests' growth anddevelopment or other biological function. The nucleotide sequenceselected exhibits from about 80% to at least about 100% sequenceidentity to one of the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1through SEQ ID NO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 and SEQID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequencelisting, or the complement thereof. Such inhibition is specific in thata nucleotide sequence from a portion of the target gene is chosen fromwhich the inhibitory dsRNA or siRNA is transcribed. The method iseffective in inhibiting the expression of at least one target gene andcan be used to inhibit many different types of target genes in the pest.

The present invention also provides different forms of the pest controlagents to achieve the desired reduction in pest infestation. In oneform, the pest control agents comprise dsRNA molecules. In another form,the pest control agents comprise siRNA molecules. In still another form,the pest control agents comprise recombinant DNA constructs that can beused to stably transform microorganisms or plants, enabling thetransformed microbes or plants to encode the dsRNA or siRNA molecules.In another form, the pest control agents are microbes that contain therecombinant DNA constructs encoding the dsRNA or siRNA molecules.

Pairs of isolated and purified nucleotide sequences are provided fromcDNA library and/or genomic library information. The pairs of nucleotidesequences are derived from any preferred invertebrate pest for use asthermal amplification primers to generate the dsRNA and siRNA moleculesof the present invention.

The present invention provides recombinant DNA constructs for use inachieving stable transformation of particular host or symbiont pesttargets. Transformed host or symbiont pest targets express pesticidallyeffective levels of preferred dsRNA or siRNA molecules from therecombinant DNA constructs, and provide the molecules in the diet of thepest.

The present invention also provides, as an example of a transformed hostor symbiont pest target organism, transformed plant cells andtransformed plants and their progeny. The transformed plant cells andtransformed plants express one or more of the dsRNA or siRNA sequencesof the present invention from one or more of the DNA sequences as setforth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701 throughSEQ ID NO:40746 and SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forthin the sequence listing, or the complement thereof.

As used herein the words “gene suppression”, when taken together, areintended to refer to any of the well-known methods for reducing thelevels of protein produced as a result of gene transcription to mRNA andsubsequent translation of the mRNA. Gene suppression is also intended tomean the reduction of protein expression from a gene or a codingsequence including posttranscriptional gene suppression andtranscriptional suppression. Posttranscriptional gene suppression ismediated by the homology between of all or a part of a mRNA transcribedfrom a gene or coding sequence targeted for suppression and thecorresponding double stranded RNA used for suppression, and refers tothe substantial and measurable reduction of the amount of available mRNAavailable in the cell for binding by ribosomes. The transcribed RNA canbe in the sense orientation to effect what is called co-suppression, inthe anti-sense orientation to effect what is called anti-sensesuppression, or in both orientations producing a dsRNA to effect what iscalled RNA interference (RNAi). Transcriptional suppression is mediatedby the presence in the cell of a dsRNA, a gene suppression agent,exhibiting substantial sequence identity to a promoter DNA sequence orthe complement thereof to effect what is referred to as promoter transsuppression. Gene suppression may be effective against a native plantgene associated with a trait, e.g., to provide plants with reducedlevels of a protein encoded by the native gene or with enhanced orreduced levels of an affected metabolite. Gene suppression can also beeffective against target genes in plant pests that may ingest or contactplant material containing gene suppression agents, specifically designedto inhibit or suppress the expression of one or more homologous orcomplementary sequences in the cells of the pest.

Post-transcriptional gene suppression by anti-sense or sense orientedRNA to regulate gene expression in plant cells is disclosed in U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,107,065, 5,759,829, 5,283,184, and 5,231,020. The use of dsRNA tosuppress genes in plants is disclosed in WO 99/53050, WO 99/49029, U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0175965, and 2003/0061626, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/465,800, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,506,559,and 6,326,193.

A preferred method of post transcriptional gene suppression in plantsemploys both sense-oriented and anti-sense-oriented, transcribed RNAwhich is stabilized, e.g., as a hairpin and stem and loop structure. Apreferred DNA construct for effecting post transcriptional genesuppression one in which a first segment encodes an RNA exhibiting ananti-sense orientation exhibiting substantial identity to a segment of agene targeted for suppression, which is linked to a second segmentencoding an RNA exhibiting substantial complementarity to the firstsegment. Such a construct would be expected to form a stem and loopstructure by hybridization of the first segment with the second segmentand a loop structure from the nucleotide sequences linking the twosegments (see WO94/01550, WO98/05770, US 2002/0048814, and US2003/0018993).

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” refers to a single ordouble-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide basesread from the 5′ to the 3′ end. The “nucleic acid” may also optionallycontain non-naturally occurring or altered nucleotide bases that permitcorrect read through by a polymerase and do not reduce expression of apolypeptide encoded by that nucleic acid. The term “nucleotide sequence”or “nucleic acid sequence” refers to both the sense and antisensestrands of a nucleic acid as either individual single strands or in theduplex. The term “ribonucleic acid” (RNA) is inclusive of RNAi(inhibitory RNA), dsRNA (double stranded RNA), siRNA (small interferingRNA), mRNA (messenger RNA), miRNA (micro-RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA,whether charged or discharged with a corresponding acylated amino acid),and cRNA (complementary RNA) and the term “deoxyribonucleic acid” (DNA)is inclusive of cDNA and genomic DNA and DNA-RNA hybrids. The words“nucleic acid segment”, “nucleotide sequence segment”, or more generally“segment” will be understood by those in the art as a functional termthat includes both genomic sequences, ribosomal RNA sequences, transferRNA sequences, messenger RNA sequences, operon sequences and smallerengineered nucleotide sequences that express or may be adapted toexpress, proteins, polypeptides or peptides.

As used herein, the term “pest” refers to insects, arachnids,crustaceans, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, flatworms, roundworms,pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms, trypanosomes, schistosomes, botflies,fleas, ticks, mites, and lice and the like that are pervasive in thehuman environment and that may ingest or contact one or more cells,tissues, or fluids produced by a pest host or symbiont transformed toexpress or coated with a double stranded gene suppression agent or thatmay ingest plant material containing the gene suppression agent. As usedherein, a “pest resistance” trait is a characteristic of a transgenicplant, transgenic animal, transgenic host or transgenic symbiont thatcauses the plant, animal, host, or symbiont to be resistant to attackfrom a pest that typically is capable of inflicting damage or loss tothe plant, animal, host or symbiont. Such pest resistance can arise froma natural mutation or more typically from incorporation of recombinantDNA that confers pest resistance. To impart insect resistance to atransgenic plant a recombinant DNA can, for example, encode an insectlethal or insect inhibitory protein such as a delta endotoxin derivedfrom a B. thuringiensis bacterium, e.g. as is used in commerciallyavailable varieties of cotton and corn, or be transcribed into a RNAmolecule that forms a dsRNA molecule within the tissues or fluids of therecombinant plant. The dsRNA molecule is comprised in part of a segmentof RNA that is identical to a corresponding RNA segment encoded from aDNA sequence within an insect pest that prefers to feed on therecombinant plant. Expression of the gene within the target insect pestis suppressed by the dsRNA, and the suppression of expression of thegene in the target insect pest results in the plant being insectresistant. Fire et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,599) generically describedinhibition of pest infestation, providing specifics only about severalnucleotide sequences that were effective for inhibition of gene functionin the nematode species Caenorhabditis elegans. Similarly, Plaetinck etal. (US 2003/0061626) describe the use of dsRNA for inhibiting genefunction in a variety of nematode pests. Mesa et al. (US 2003/0150017)describe using dsDNA sequences to transform host cells to expresscorresponding dsRNA sequences that are substantially identical to targetsequences in specific pathogens, and particularly describe constructingrecombinant plants expressing such dsRNA sequences for ingestion byvarious plant pests, facilitating down-regulation of a gene in thegenome of the pest and improving the resistance of the plant to the pestinfestation.

The present invention provides for inhibiting gene expression of one ormultiple target genes in a target insect using stabilized dsRNA methods.The invention is particularly useful in the modulation of eukaryoticgene expression, in particular the modulation of expression of genespresent in insects that exhibit a digestive system pH level that is fromabout 4.5 to about 9.5, more preferably from about 5.0 to about 8.0, andeven more preferably from about 6.5 to about 7.5. Plant pests with adigestive system that exhibits pH levels outside of these ranges are notpreferred candidates for double stranded RNA mediated methods for genesuppression using a delivery method that requires ingestion of thepreferred dsRNA molecules. The modulatory effect is applicable to avariety of genes expressed in the pests including, for example,endogenous genes responsible for cellular metabolism or cellulartransformation, including house keeping genes, transcription factors andother genes which encode polypeptides involved in cellular metabolism.

As used herein, the term “expression” refers to the transcription andstable accumulation of sense or antisense RNA derived from the nucleicacids disclosed in the present invention. Expression may also refer totranslation of mRNA into a polypeptide or protein. As used herein, theterm “sense” RNA refers to an RNA transcript corresponding to a sequenceor segment that, when produced by the target pest, is in the form of amRNA that is capable of being translated into protein by the target pestcell. As used herein, the term “antisense RNA” refers to an RNAtranscript that is complementary to all or a part of a mRNA that isnormally produced in a cell of a target pest. The complementarity of anantisense RNA may be with any part of the specific gene transcript,i.e., at the 5′ non-coding sequence, 3′ non-translated sequence,introns, or the coding sequence. As used herein, the term “RNAtranscript” refers to the product resulting from RNApolymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNAtranscript is a perfect complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it isreferred to as the primary transcript or it may be an RNA sequencederived from post-transcriptional processing of the primary transcriptand is referred to as the mature RNA.

As used herein, the phrase “inhibition of gene expression” or“inhibiting expression of a target gene in the cell of an insect” refersto the absence (or observable decrease) in the level of protein and/ormRNA product from the target gene. Specificity refers to the ability toinhibit the target gene without manifest effects on other genes of thecell and without any effects on any gene within the cell that isproducing the dsRNA molecule. The inhibition of gene expression of thetarget gene in the insect pest may result in novel phenotypic traits inthe insect pest.

Without limiting the scope of the present invention, there is provided,in one aspect, a method for controlling infestation of a target insectusing the stabilized dsRNA strategies. The method involves generatingstabilized dsRNA molecules as one type of the insect control agents toinduce gene silencing in an insect pest. The insect control agents ofthe present invention induce directly or indirectly post-transcriptionalgene silencing events of target genes in the insect. Down-regulation ofexpression of the target gene prevents or at least retards the insect'sgrowth, development, reproduction and infectivity to hosts. As usedherein, the phrase “generating stabilized dsRNA molecule” refers to themethods of employing recombinant DNA technologies readily available inthe art (e.g., by Sambrook, et al., In: Molecular Cloning, A LaboratoryManual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.,1989) to construct a DNA nucleotide sequence that transcript thestabilized dsRNA. The detailed construction methods of the presentinvention are disclosed below in this disclosure. As used herein, theterm “silencing” refers the effective “down-regulation” of expression ofthe targeted nucleotide sequence and, hence, the elimination of theability of the sequence to cause an effect within the insect's cell.

The present invention provides in part a delivery system for thedelivery of the insect control agents to insects through their exposureto a diet containing the insect control agents of the present invention.In accordance with one of the embodiments, the stabilized dsRNA or siRNAmolecules may be incorporated in the insect diet or may be overlaid onthe top of the diet for consumption by an insect.

The present invention also provides in part a delivery system for thedelivery of the insect control agents to insects through their exposureto an microorganism or a host such as a plant containing the insectcontrol agents of the present invention by ingestion of themicroorganism or the host cells or the contents of the cells. Inaccordance with another one of the embodiments, the present inventioninvolves generating a transgenic plant cell or a plant that contains arecombinant DNA construct transcribing the stabilized dsRNA molecules ofthe present invention. As used herein, the phrase “generating atransgenic plant cell or a plant” refers to the methods of employing therecombinant DNA technologies readily available in the art (e.g., bySambrook, et al.) to construct a plant transformation vectortranscribing the stabilized dsRNA molecules of the present invention, totransform the plant cell or the plant and to generate the transgenicplant cell or the transgenic plant that contain the transcribed,stabilized dsRNA molecules. In particular, the method of the presentinvention may comprise the recombinant construct in a cell of a plantthat results in dsRNA transcripts that are substantially homologous toan RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within the genome of aninsect. Where the nucleotide sequence within the genome of an insectencodes a gene essential to the viability and infectivity of the insect,its down-regulation results in a reduced capability of the insect tosurvive and infect host cells. Hence, such down-regulation results in a“deleterious effect” on the maintenance viability and infectivity of theinsect, in that it prevents or reduces the insect's ability to feed offand survive on nutrients derived from the host cells. By virtue of thisreduction in the insect's viability and infectivity, resistance and/orenhanced tolerance to infection by an insect is facilitated in the cellsof a plant. Genes in the insect may be targeted at the mature (adult),immature (larval), or egg stages.

In still another embodiment, non-pathogenic, attenuated strains ofmicroorganisms may be used as a carrier for the insect control agentsand, in this perspective, the microorganisms carrying such agents arealso referred to as insect control agents. The microorganisms may beengineered to express a nucleotide sequence of a target gene to produceRNA molecules comprising RNA sequences homologous or complementary toRNA sequences typically found within the cells of an insect. Exposure ofthe insects to the microorganisms result in ingestion of themicroorganisms and down-regulation of expression of target genesmediated directly or indirectly by the RNA molecules or fragments orderivatives thereof.

The present invention alternatively provides exposure of an insect tothe insect control agents of the present invention incorporated in aspray mixer and applied to the surface of a host, such as a host plant.In an exemplary embodiment, ingestion of the insect control agents by aninsect delivers the insect control agents to the gut of the insect andsubsequently to the cells within the body of the insect. In anotherembodiment, infection of the insect by the insect control agents throughother means such as by injection or other physical methods also permitsdelivery of the insect control agents. In yet another embodiment, theRNA molecules themselves are encapsulated in a synthetic matrix such asa polymer and applied to the surface of a host such as a plant.Ingestion of the host cells by an insect permits delivery of the insectcontrol agents to the insect and results in down-regulation of a targetgene in the host.

It is envisioned that the compositions of the present invention can beincorporated within the seeds of a plant species either as a product ofexpression from a recombinant gene incorporated into a genome of theplant cells, or incorporated into a coating or seed treatment that isapplied to the seed before planting. The plant cell containing arecombinant gene is considered herein to be a transgenic event.

It is believed that a pesticidal seed treatment can provide significantadvantages when combined with a transgenic event that providesprotection from invertebrate pest infestation that is within thepreferred effectiveness range against a target pest. In addition, it isbelieved that there are situations that are well known to those havingskill in the art, where it is advantageous to have such transgenicevents within the preferred range of effectiveness.

The present invention also includes seeds and plants having more thatone transgenic event. Such combinations are referred to as “stacked”transgenic events. These stacked transgenic events can be events thatare directed at the same target pest, or they can be directed atdifferent target pests. In one preferred method, a seed having theability to express a Cry 3 protein or insecticidal variant thereof alsohas the ability to express at least one other insecticidal agentincluding but not limited to a protein that is different from a Cry 3protein and/or an RNA molecule the sequence of which is derived from thesequence of an RNA expressed in a target pest and that forms a doublestranded RNA structure upon expressing in the seed or cells of a plantgrown from the seed, wherein the ingestion of one or more cells of theplant by the target pest results in the suppression of expression of theRNA in the cells of the target pest.

In another preferred method, the seed having the ability to express adsRNA the sequence of which is derived from a target pest also has atransgenic event that provides herbicide tolerance. It is preferred thatthe transgenic event that provides herbicide tolerance is an event thatprovides resistance to glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine,including the isopropylamine salt form of such herbicide.

In the present method, a seed comprising a transgenic event is treatedwith a pesticide. It is believed that the combination of a transgenicseed exhibiting bioactivity against a target pest as a result of theproduction of an insecticidal amount of an insecticidal dsRNA within thecells of the transgenic seed or plant grown from the seed coupled withtreatment of the seed with certain chemical or protein pesticidesprovides unexpected synergistic advantages to seeds having suchtreatment, including unexpectedly superior efficacy for protectionagainst damage to the resulting transgenic plant by the target pest. Inparticular, it is believed that the treatment of a transgenic seed thatis capable of expressing certain constructs that form dsRNA molecules,the sequence of which are derived from one or more sequences expressedin a corn rootworm, with from about 100 gm to about 400 gm of certainpesticides per 100 kg of seed provided unexpectedly superior protectionagainst corn rootworm. In addition, it is believed that suchcombinations are also effective to protect the emergent corn plantsagainst damage by black cutworm. The seeds of the present invention arealso believed to have the property of decreasing the cost of pesticideuse, because less of the pesticide can be used to obtain a requiredamount of protection than if the innovative composition and method isnot used. Moreover, because less pesticide is used and because it isapplied prior to planting and without a separate field application, itis believed that the subject method is therefore safer to the operatorand to the environment, and is potentially less expensive thanconventional methods.

When it is said that some effects are “synergistic”, it is meant toinclude the synergistic effects of the combination on the pesticidalactivity (or efficacy) of the combination of the transgenic event andthe pesticide. However, it is not intended that such synergistic effectsbe limited to the pesticidal activity, but that they should also includesuch unexpected advantages as increased scope of activity, advantageousactivity profile as related to type and amount of damage reduction,decreased cost of pesticide and application, decreased pesticidedistribution in the environment, decreased pesticide exposure ofpersonnel who produce, handle and plant corn seeds, and other advantagesknown to those skilled in the art.

Pesticides and insecticides that are useful in compositions incombination with the methods and compositions of the present invention,including as seed treatments and coatings as well as methods for usingsuch compositions can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,962,the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

It has been found that the present invention is useful to protect seedsand plants against a wide array of agricultural pests, includinginsects, mites, fungi, yeasts, molds, bacteria, nematodes, weeds, andparasitic and saprophytic plants.

It is preferred that the seed treatments and coatings described hereinbe used along with transgenic seeds of the present invention, inparticular by application of a pesticidal agent other than the dsRNAmolecules derived from the sequences described herein as set forth inSEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ IDNO:40746 and SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in thesequence listing, or the complements thereof to a transgenic seed.Although it is believed that the seed treatments can be applied to atransgenic seed in any physiological state, it is preferred that theseed be in a sufficiently durable state that it incurs no damage duringthe treatment process. Typically, the seed would be a seed that had beenharvested from the field; removed from the transgenic plant; andseparated from any other non-seed plant material. The seed wouldpreferably also be biologically stable to the extent that the treatmentwould cause no biological damage to the seed. In one embodiment, forexample, the treatment can be applied to seed corn that has beenharvested, cleaned and dried to a moisture content below about 15% byweight. In an alternative embodiment, the seed can be one that has beendried and then primed with water and/or another material and thenre-dried before or during the treatment with the pesticide. Within thelimitations just described, it is believed that the treatment can beapplied to the seed at any time between harvest of the seed and sowingof the seed. As used herein, the term “unsown seed” is meant to includeseed at any period between the harvest of the seed and the sowing of theseed in the ground for the purpose of germination and growth of theplant.

When it is said that unsown seed is “treated” with the pesticide, suchtreatment is not meant to include those practices in which the pesticideis applied to the soil, rather than to the seed. For example, suchtreatments as the application of the pesticide in bands, “T”-bands, orin-furrow, at the same time as the seed is sowed are not considered tobe included in the present invention.

The pesticide, or combination of pesticides, can be applied “neat”, thatis, without any diluting or additional components present. However, thepesticide is typically applied to the seeds in the form of a pesticideformulation. This formulation may contain one or more other desirablecomponents including but not limited to liquid diluents, binders toserve as a matrix for the pesticide, fillers for protecting the seedsduring stress conditions, and plasticizers to improve flexibility,adhesion and/or spreadability of the coating. In addition, for oilypesticide formulations containing little or no filler, it may bedesirable to add to the formulation drying agents such as calciumcarbonate, kaolin or bentonite clay, perlite, diatomaceous earth or anyother adsorbent material. Use of such components in seed treatments isknown in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,739. The skilledartisan can readily select desirable components to use in the pesticideformulation depending on the seed type to be treated and the particularpesticide that is selected. In addition, readily available commercialformulations of known pesticides may be used, as demonstrated in theexamples below.

The subject pesticides can be applied to a seed as a component of a seedcoating. Seed coating methods and compositions that are known in the artare useful when they are modified by the addition of one of theembodiments of the combination of pesticides of the present invention.Such coating methods and apparatus for their application are disclosedin, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,918,413, 5,891,246, 5,554,445,5,389,399, 5,107,787, 5,080,925, 4,759,945 and 4,465,017. Seed coatingcompositions are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,939,356,5,882,713, 5,876,739, 5,849,320, 5,834,447, 5,791,084, 5,661,103,5,622,003, 5,580,544, 5,328,942, 5,300,127, 4,735,015, 4,634,587,4,383,391, 4,372,080, 4,339,456, 4,272,417 and 4,245,432, among others.

The pesticides that are useful in the coating are those pesticides thatare described herein. The amount of pesticide that is used for thetreatment of the seed will vary depending upon the type of seed and thetype of active ingredients, but the treatment will comprise contactingthe seeds with an amount of the combination of pesticides that ispesticidally effective. When insects are the target pest, that amountwill be an amount of the insecticide that is insecticidally effective.As used herein, an insecticidally effective amount means that amount ofinsecticide that will kill insect pests in the larvae or pupal state ofgrowth, or will consistently reduce or retard the amount of damageproduced by insect pests.

In general, the amount of pesticide that is applied to the seed in thetreatment will range from about 10 gm to about 2000 gm of the activeingredient of the pesticide per 100 kg of the weight of the seed.Preferably, the amount of pesticide will be within the range of about 50gm to about 1000 gm active per 100 kg of seed, more preferably withinthe range of about 100 gm to about 600 gm active per 100 kg of seed, andeven more preferably within the range of about 200 gm to about 500 gm ofactive per 100 kg of seed weight. Alternatively, it has been found to bepreferred that the amount of the pesticide be over about 60 gm of theactive ingredient of the pesticide per 100 kg of the seed, and morepreferably over about 80 gm per 100 kg of seed.

The pesticides that are used in the treatment must not inhibitgermination of the seed and should be efficacious in protecting the seedand/or the plant during that time in the target insect's life cycle inwhich it causes injury to the seed or plant. In general, the coatingwill be efficacious for approximately 0 to 120 days after sowing.

The pesticides of the subject invention can be applied to the seed inthe form of a coating. The use of a coating is particularly effective inaccommodating high pesticidal loads, as can be required to treattypically refractory pests, such as corn rootworm, while at the sametime preventing unacceptable phytotoxicity due to the increasedpesticidal load.

The coatings formed with a pesticide composition contemplated herein arepreferably capable of effecting a slow rate of release of the pesticideby diffusion or movement through the matrix to the surrounding medium.

In addition to the coating layer, the seed may be treated with one ormore of the following ingredients: other pesticides including fungicidesand herbicides; herbicidal safeners; fertilizers and/or biocontrolagents.

These ingredients may be added as a separate layer or alternatively maybe added in the pesticidal coating layer.

The pesticide formulation may be applied to the seeds using conventionalcoating techniques and machines, such as fluidized bed techniques, theroller mill method, rotostatic seed treaters, and drum coaters. Othermethods, such as spouted beds may also be useful. The seeds may bepresized before coating. After coating, the seeds are typically driedand then transferred to a sizing machine for sizing. Such procedures areknown in the art.

As used herein, the term “insect control agent”, or “gene suppressionagent” refers to a particular RNA molecule consisting of a first RNAsegment and a second RNA segment linked by a third RNA segment. Thefirst and the second RNA segments lie within the length of the RNAmolecule and are substantially inverted repeats of each other and arelinked together by the third RNA segment. The complementarity betweenthe first and the second RNA segments results in the ability of the twosegments to hybridize in vivo and in vitro to form a double strandedmolecule, i.e., a stem, linked together at one end of each of the firstand second segments by the third segment which forms a loop, so that theentire structure forms into a stem and loop structure, or even moretightly hybridizing structures may form into a stem-loop knottedstructure. The first and the second segments correspond invariably andnot respectively to a sense and an antisense sequence with respect tothe target RNA transcribed from the target gene in the target insectpest that is suppressed by the ingestion of the dsRNA molecule. Theinsect control agent can also be a substantially purified (or isolated)nucleic acid molecule and more specifically nucleic acid molecules ornucleic acid fragment molecules thereof from a genomic DNA (gDNA) orcDNA library. Alternatively, the fragments may comprise smalleroligonucleotides having from about 15 to about 250 nucleotide residues,and more preferably, about 15 to about 30 nucleotide residues. The“insect control agent” may also refer to a DNA construct that comprisesthe isolated and purified nucleic acid molecules or nucleic acidfragment molecules thereof from a gDNA or cDNA library. The “insectcontrol agent” may further refer to a microorganism comprising such aDNA construct that comprises the isolated and purified nucleic acidmolecules or nucleic acid fragment molecules thereof from a gDNA or cDNAlibrary. As used herein, the phrase “generating an insect control agent”refers to the methods of employing the recombinant DNA technologiesreadily available in the art (e.g., by Sambrook, et al.) to prepare arecombinant DNA construct transcribing the stabilized dsRNA or siRNAmolecules, to construct a vector transcribing the stabilized dsRNA orsiRNA molecules, and/or to transform and generate the cells or themicroorganisms that contain the transcribed, stabilized dsRNA or siRNAmolecules. The method of the present invention provides for theproduction of a dsRNA transcript, the nucleotide sequence of which issubstantially homologous to a targeted RNA sequence encoded by a targetnucleotide sequence within the genome of a target insect pest.

As used herein, the term “genome” as it applies to cells of an insect ora host encompasses not only chromosomal DNA found within the nucleus,but organelle DNA found within subcellular components of the cell. TheDNA's of the present invention introduced into plant cells can thereforebe either chromosomally integrated or organelle-localized. The term“genome” as it applies to bacteria encompasses both the chromosome andplasmids within a bacterial host cell. The DNA's of the presentinvention introduced into bacterial host cells can therefore be eitherchromosomally integrated or plasmid-localized.

Inhibition of target gene expression may be quantified by measuringeither the endogenous target RNA or the protein produced by translationof the target RNA and the consequences of inhibition can be confirmed byexamination of the outward properties of the cell or organism.Techniques for quantifying RNA and proteins are well known to one ofordinary skill in the art. Multiple selectable markers are availablethat confer resistance to ampicillin, bleomycin, chloramphenicol,gentamycin, hygromycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, methotrexate,phosphinothricin, puromycin, spectinomycin, rifampicin, and tetracyclin,and the like.

In certain preferred embodiments gene expression is inhibited by atleast 10%, preferably by at least 33%, more preferably by at least 50%,and yet more preferably by at least 80%. In particularly preferredembodiments of the invention gene expression is inhibited by at least80%, more preferably by at least 90%, more preferably by at least 95%,or by at least 99% within cells in the insect so a significantinhibition takes place. Significant inhibition is intended to refer tosufficient inhibition that results in a detectable phenotype (e.g.,cessation of larval growth, paralysis or mortality, etc.) or adetectable decrease in RNA and/or protein corresponding to the targetgene being inhibited. Although in certain embodiments of the inventioninhibition occurs in substantially all cells of the insect, in otherpreferred embodiments inhibition occurs in only a subset of cellsexpressing the gene. For example, if the gene to be inhibited plays anessential role in cells in the insect alimentary tract, inhibition ofthe gene within these cells is sufficient to exert a deleterious effecton the insect.

The advantages of the present invention may include, but are not limitedto, the following: the ease of introducing dsRNA into the insect cells,the low concentration of dsRNA or siRNA which can be used, the stabilityof dsRNA or siRNA, and the effectiveness of the inhibition. The abilityto use a low concentration of a stabilized dsRNA avoids severaldisadvantages of anti-sense interference. The present invention is notlimited to in vitro use or to specific sequence compositions, to aparticular set of target genes, a particular portion of the targetgene's nucleotide sequence, or a particular transgene or to a particulardelivery method, as opposed to the some of the available techniquesknown in the art, such as antisense and co-suppression. Furthermore,genetic manipulation becomes possible in organisms that are notclassical genetic models.

In practicing the present invention, it is important that the presenceof the nucleotide sequences that are transcribed from the recombinantconstruct are neither harmful to cells of the plant in which they areexpressed in accordance with the invention, nor harmful to an animalfood chain and in particular humans. Because the produce of the plantmay be made available for human ingestion, the down-regulation ofexpression of the target nucleotide sequence occurs only in the insect.

Therefore, in order to achieve inhibition of a target gene selectivelywithin an insect species that it is desired to control, the target geneshould preferably exhibit a low degree of sequence identity withcorresponding genes in a plant or a vertebrate animal. Preferably thedegree of the sequence identity is less than approximately 80%. Morepreferably the degree of the sequence identity is less thanapproximately 70%. Most preferably the degree of the sequence identityis less than approximately 60%.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provideda nucleotide sequence, for which in vitro expression results intranscription of a stabilized RNA sequence that is substantiallyhomologous to an RNA molecule of a targeted gene in an insect thatcomprises an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within thegenome of the insect. Thus, after the insect ingests the stabilized RNAsequence incorporated in a diet or sprayed on a plant surface, adown-regulation of the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the targetgene in the cells of a target insect is affected. The down-regulatednucleotide sequence in the insect results in a deleterious effect on themaintenance, viability, proliferation, reproduction and infectivity ofthe insect. Therefore, the nucleotide sequence of the present inventionmay be useful in modulating or controlling infestation by a range ofinsects.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided a nucleotide sequence, the expression of which in a microbialcell results in a transcription of an RNA sequence which issubstantially homologous to an RNA molecule of a targeted gene in aninsect that comprises an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequencewithin the genome of the insect. Thus, after the insect ingests thestabilized RNA sequence contained in the cell of the microorganism, itwill affect down-regulation of the nucleotide sequence of the targetgene in the cells of the insect. The down-regulated nucleotide sequencein the insect results in a deleterious effect on the maintenance,viability, proliferation, reproduction and infestation of the insect.Therefore, the nucleotide sequence of the present invention may beuseful in modulating or controlling infestation by a range of insects.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided a nucleotide sequence, the expression of which in a plant cellresults in a transcription of an RNA sequence which is substantiallyhomologous to an RNA molecule of a targeted gene in an insect thatcomprises an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within thegenome of the insect. Thus, after the insect ingests the stabilized RNAsequence contained in the cell of the plant, it will affectdown-regulation of the nucleotide sequence of the target gene in thecells of the insect. The down-regulated nucleotide sequence in theinsect results in a deleterious effect on the maintenance, viability,proliferation, reproduction and infestation of the insect. Therefore,the nucleotide sequence of the present invention may be useful inmodulating or controlling infestation by a range of insects in plants.

As used herein, the term “substantially homologous” or “substantialhomology”, with reference to a nucleic acid sequence, refers to anucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to thecoding sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ IDNO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in any of SEQ IDNO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequence listing,or the complements thereof. Sequences that hybridize under stringentconditions to any of SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, or any of SEQID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 or any of SEQ ID NO:40607 throughSEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequence listing, or the complementsthereof, are those that allow an antiparallel alignment to take placebetween the two sequences, and the two sequences are then able, understringent conditions, to form hydrogen bonds with corresponding bases onthe opposite strand to form a duplex molecule that is sufficientlystable under the stringent conditions to be detectable using methodswell known in the art. Such substantially homologous sequences havepreferably from about 65% to about 70% sequence identity, or morepreferably from about 80% to about 85% sequence identity, or mostpreferable from about 90% to about 95% sequence identity, to about 99%sequence identity, to the referent nucleotide sequences as set forth inany of SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, or in any of SEQ ID NO:40701through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in any of SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ IDNO:40700 as set forth in the sequence listing, or the complementsthereof.

As used herein, the term “sequence identity”, “sequence similarity” or“homology” is used to describe sequence relationships between two ormore nucleotide sequences. The percentage of “sequence identity” betweentwo sequences is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequencesover a comparison window, wherein the portion of the sequence in thecomparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) ascompared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions ordeletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage iscalculated by determining the number of positions at which the identicalnucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences toyield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matchedpositions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison,and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequenceidentity. A sequence that is identical at every position in comparisonto a reference sequence is said to be identical to the referencesequence and vice-versa. A first nucleotide sequence when observed inthe 5′ to 3′ direction is said to be a “complement” of, or complementaryto, a second or reference nucleotide sequence observed in the 3′ to 5′direction if the first nucleotide sequence exhibits completecomplementarity with the second or reference sequence. As used herein,nucleic acid sequence molecules are said to exhibit “completecomplementarity” when every nucleotide of one of the sequences read 5′to 3′ is complementary to every nucleotide of the other sequence whenread 3′ to 5′. A nucleotide sequence that is complementary to areference nucleotide sequence will exhibit a sequence identical to thereverse complement sequence of the reference nucleotide sequence. Theseterms and descriptions are well defined in the art and are easilyunderstood by those of ordinary skill in the art.

As used herein, a “comparison window” refers to a conceptual segment ofat least 6 contiguous positions, usually about 50 to about 100, moreusually about 100 to about 150, in which a sequence is compared to areference sequence of the same number of contiguous positions after thetwo sequences are optimally aligned. The comparison window may compriseadditions or deletions (i.e. gaps) of about 20% or less as compared tothe reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions)for optimal alignment of the two sequences Those skilled in the artshould refer to the detailed methods used for sequence alignment in theWisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, Genetics ComputerGroup, 575 Science Drive Madison, Wis., USA) or refer to Ausubel et al.(1998) for a detailed discussion of sequence analysis.

The target gene of the present invention is derived from an insect cellor alternatively, a foreign gene such as a foreign genetic sequence froma virus, a fungus, an insect or a nematode, among others. By “derived”it is intended that a sequence is all or a part of the naturallyoccurring nucleotide sequence of the target gene from the genome of aninsect cell, particularly all or a part of the naturally occurringnucleotide sequence of the capped, spliced, and polyadenylated mRNAexpressed from the naturally occurring DNA sequence as found in the cellif the gene is a structural gene, or the sequence of all or a part of anRNA that is other than a structural gene including but not limited to atRNA, a catalytic RNA, a ribosomal RNA, a micro-RNA, and the like. Asequence is derived from one of these naturally occurring RNA sequencesif the derived sequence is produced based on the nucleotide sequence ofthe native RNA, exhibits from about 80% to about 100% sequence identityto the native sequence, and hybridizes to the native sequence understringent hybridization conditions. In one embodiment, the target genecomprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NO:1through SEQ ID NO:20303, or in any of SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ IDNO:40746 or in any of SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as setforth in the sequence listing, or the complements thereof. Depending onthe particular target gene and the dose of dsRNA molecules delivered,this process may provide partial or complete loss of function for thetarget gene, or any desired level of suppression in between.

The present invention also provides an artificial DNA sequence capableof being expressed in a cell or microorganism and which is capable ofinhibiting target gene expression in a cell, tissue or organ of aninsect, wherein the artificial DNA sequence at least comprises a dsDNAmolecule coding for one or more different nucleotide sequences, whereineach of the different nucleotide sequences comprises a sense nucleotidesequence and an antisense nucleotide sequence connected by a spacersequence coding for a dsRNA molecule of the present invention. Thespacer sequence constitutes part of the sense nucleotide sequence or theantisense nucleotide sequence and will form within the dsRNA moleculebetween the sense and antisense sequences. The sense nucleotide sequenceor the antisense nucleotide sequence is substantially identical to thenucleotide sequence of the target gene or a derivative thereof or acomplementary sequence thereto. The dsDNA molecule is placed operablyunder the control of a promoter sequence that functions in the cell,tissue or organ of the host expressing the dsDNA to produce dsRNAmolecules. In one embodiment, the artificial DNA sequence may be derivedfrom a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ IDNO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in SEQ IDNO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequence listing.

The invention also provides an artificial DNA sequence for expression ina cell of a plant, and that, upon expression of the DNA to RNA andingestion by a target pest achieves suppression of a target gene in acell, tissue or organ of an insect pest. The dsRNA at least comprisesone or multiple structural gene sequences, wherein each of thestructural gene sequences comprises a sense nucleotide sequence and anantisense nucleotide sequence connected by a spacer sequence that formsa loop within the complementary and antisense sequences. The sensenucleotide sequence or the antisense nucleotide sequence issubstantially identical to the nucleotide sequence of the target gene,derivative thereof, or sequence complementary thereto. The one or morestructural gene sequences is placed operably under the control of one ormore promoter sequences, at least one of which is operable in the cell,tissue or organ of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism, particularly aninsect. In one embodiment, the artificial DNA sequence comprises fromabout SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, from about SEQ ID NO:40701through about SEQ ID NO:40746, or from about SEQ ID NO:40607 throughabout SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequence listing or thecomplements thereof.

As used herein, the term “non naturally occurring gene”, “non-naturallyoccurring coding sequences”, “artificial sequence”, or “synthetic codingsequences” for transcribing the dsRNA or siRNA of the present inventionor fragments thereof refers to those prepared in a manner involving anysort of genetic isolation or manipulation that results in thepreparation of a coding sequence that transcribes a dsRNA or a siRNA ofthe present invention or fragments thereof. This includes isolation ofthe coding sequence from its naturally occurring state, manipulation ofthe coding sequence as by (1) nucleotide insertion, deletion, orsubstitution, (2) segment insertion, deletion, or substitution, (3)chemical synthesis such as phosphoramidite chemistry and the like,site-specific mutagenesis, truncation of the coding sequence or anyother manipulative or isolative method.

The non-naturally occurring gene sequence or fragment thereof accordingto this aspect of the invention for WCR control may be cloned betweentwo tissue specific promoters, such as two root specific promoters whichare operable in a transgenic plant cell and therein expressed to producemRNA in the transgenic plant cell that form dsRNA molecules thereto. ThedsRNA molecules contained in plant tissues are ingested by an insect sothat the intended suppression of the target gene expression is achieved.

The present invention also provides a method for obtaining a nucleicacid comprising a nucleotide sequence for producing a dsRNA or siRNA ofthe present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the method of thepresent invention for obtaining the nucleic acid comprising: (a) probinga cDNA or gDNA library with a hybridization probe comprising all or aportion of a nucleotide sequence or a homolog thereof from a targetedinsect; (b) identifying a DNA clone that hybridizes with thehybridization probe; (c) isolating the DNA clone identified in step (b);and (d) sequencing the cDNA or gDNA fragment that comprises the cloneisolated in step (c) wherein the sequenced nucleic acid moleculetranscribes all or a substantial portion of the RNA nucleotide acidsequence or a homolog thereof.

In another preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention forobtaining a nucleic acid fragment comprising a nucleotide sequence forproducing a substantial portion of a dsRNA or siRNA of the presentinvention comprising: (a) synthesizing a first and a secondoligonucleotide primers corresponding to a portion of one of thenucleotide sequences from a targeted insect; and (b) amplifying a cDNAor gDNA insert present in a cloning vector using the first and secondoligonucleotide primers of step (a) wherein the amplified nucleic acidmolecule transcribes a substantial portion of the a substantial portionof a dsRNA or siRNA of the present invention.

In practicing the present invention, a target gene may be derived from acorn rootworm (CRW), such as a WCR or a SCR, or any insect species thatcause damages to the crop plants and subsequent yield losses. Thepresent inventors contemplate that several criteria may be employed inthe selection of preferred target genes. The gene is one whose proteinproduct has a rapid turnover rate, so that dsRNA inhibition will resultin a rapid decrease in protein levels. In certain embodiments it isadvantageous to select a gene for which a small drop in expression levelresults in deleterious effects for the insect. If it is desired totarget a broad range of insect species a gene is selected that is highlyconserved across these species. Conversely, for the purpose ofconferring specificity, in certain embodiments of the invention, a geneis selected that contains regions that are poorly conserved betweenindividual insect species, or between insects and other organisms. Incertain embodiments it may be desirable to select a gene that has noknown homologs in other organisms.

As used herein, the term “derived from” refers to a specified nucleotidesequence that may be obtained from a particular specified source orspecies, albeit not necessarily directly from that specified source orspecies.

In one embodiment, a gene is selected that is expressed in the insectgut. Targeting genes expressed in the gut avoids the requirement for thedsRNA to spread within the insect. Target genes for use in the presentinvention may include, for example, those that share substantialhomologies to the nucleotide sequences of known gut-expressed genes thatencode protein components of the plasma membrane proton V-ATPase (Dow etal., 1997, J. Exp. Biol., 200:237-245; Dow, Bioenerg. Biomemb., 1999,31:75-83). This protein complex is the sole energizer of epithelial iontransport and is responsible for alkalinization of the midgut lumen. TheV-ATPase is also expressed in the Malpighian tubule, an outgrowth of theinsect hindgut that functions in fluid balance and detoxification offoreign compounds in a manner analogous to a kidney organ of a mammal.

In another embodiment, a gene is selected that is essentially involvedin the growth, development, and reproduction of an insect. Exemplarygenes include but are not limited to a CHD3 gene and a β-tubulin gene.The CHD3 gene in Drosophila melanogaster encodes a protein withATP-dependent DNA helicase activity that is involved in chromatinassembly/disassembly in the nucleus. Similar sequences have been foundin diverse organisms such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditiselegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The beta-tubulin gene familyencodes microtubule-associated proteins that are a constituent of thecellular cytoskeleton. Related sequences are found in such diverseorganisms as Caenorhabditis elegans, and Manduca Sexta.

Other target genes for use in the present invention may include, forexample, those that play important roles in the viability, growth,development, reproduction and infectivity. These target genes may be oneof the house keeping genes, transcription factors and insect specificgenes or lethal knockout mutations in Drosophila. The target genes foruse in the present invention may also be those that are from otherorganisms, e.g., from a nematode (e.g., C. elegans). Additionally, thenucleotide sequences for use in the present invention may also bederived from plant, viral, bacterial or fungal genes whose functionshave been established from literature and the nucleotide sequences ofwhich share substantial similarity with the target genes in the genomeof an insect. According to one aspect of the present invention for WCRcontrol, the target sequences may essentially be derived from thetargeted WCR insect. Some of the exemplary target sequences from cDNAlibrary from WCR that encode D. v. virgifera proteins or fragmentsthereof which are homologues of known proteins may be found in theSequence Listing.

Nucleic acid molecules from D. virgifera encoding homologs of knownproteins are known (Andersen et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/205,189).

Although the sequences described in Andersen et al. are primarily inreference to WCR, it is preferred in the practice of the invention touse DNA segments whose sequences exhibit at least from about 80%identity, or at least from 90% identity, or at least from 95% identity,or at least from 98% identity, or at least about 100% identity tosequences corresponding to genes or coding sequences within the pest forwhich control is desired. Sequences less than about 80% identical to atarget gene are less effective. Inhibition is specific to the pests'gene or genes, the sequence of which corresponds to the dsRNA.Expression of unrelated genes is not affected. This specificity allowsthe selective targeting of pest species, resulting in no effect on otherorganisms exposed to the compositions of the present invention.

A DNA segment for use in the present invention is at least from about 19to about 23, or about 23 to about 100 nucleotides, but less than about2000 nucleotides, in length.

The invention is not limited to the specific genes described herein butencompasses any gene, the inhibition of which exerts a deleteriouseffect on an insect pest.

For many of the insects that are potential targets for control by thepresent invention, there may be limited information regarding thesequences of most genes or the phenotype resulting from mutation ofparticular genes. Therefore, the present inventors contemplate thatselection of appropriate genes from insect pests for use in the presentinvention may be accomplished through use of information available fromstudy of the corresponding genes in a model organism such in Drosophila,in some other insect species, or even in a nematode species, in a fungalspecies, in a plant species, in which the genes have been characterized.In some cases it will be possible to obtain the sequence of acorresponding gene from a target insect by searching databases such asGenBank using either the name of the gene or the sequence from, forexample, Drosophila, another insect, a nematode, a fungus, or a plantfrom which the gene has been cloned. Once the sequence is obtained, PCRmay be used to amplify an appropriately selected segment of the gene inthe insect for use in the present invention.

In order to obtain a DNA segment from the corresponding gene in aninsect species, PCR primers are designed based on the sequence as foundin WCR or other insects from which the gene has been cloned. The primersare designed to amplify a DNA segment of sufficient length for use inthe present invention. DNA (either genomic DNA or cDNA) is prepared fromthe insect species, and the PCR primers are used to amplify the DNAsegment. Amplification conditions are selected so that amplificationwill occur even if the primers do not exactly match the target sequence.Alternately, the gene (or a portion thereof) may be cloned from a gDNAor cDNA library prepared from the insect pest species, using the WCRgene or another known insect gene as a probe. Techniques for performingPCR and cloning from libraries are known. Further details of the processby which DNA segments from target insect pest species may be isolatedbased on the sequence of genes previously cloned from WCR or otherinsect species are provided in the Examples. One of ordinary skill inthe art will recognize that a variety of techniques may be used toisolate gene segments from insect pest species that correspond to genespreviously isolated from other species.

Insects that may cause damage in plants generally belong to threecategories based upon their methods of feeding and these threecategories are, respectively, chewing, sucking and boring insects thatbelong to the Orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera,Heteroptera, Ctenophalides, Arachnidiae, and Hymenoptera. The chewinginsects that eat plant tissue, such as roots, leaves, flowers, buds andtwigs, cause major damage. Examples from this large insect categoryinclude beetles and their larvae. WCR and SCR belong to the chewinginsects. Their larvae feed on roots of a plant, in particular, a cornplant, and adults mainly on the foliage. Genes derived from the WCR orSCR or from any one species of the above listed orders may be consideredas targets for performing the present invention.

It has been found that the present method is useful to protect seeds andplants against a wide array of agricultural pests, including insects,mites, fungi, yeasts, molds, bacteria, nematodes, weeds, and parasiticand saprophytic plants, and the like.

When an insect is the target pest for the present invention, such pestsinclude but are not limited to: from the order Lepidoptera, for example,

Acleris spp. Adoxophyes spp., Aegeria spp., Agrotis spp., Alabamaargillaceae, Amylois spp., Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips spp,Argyrotaenia spp., Autographa spp., Busseola fitsca, Cadra cautella,Carposina nipponensis, Chilo spp., Choristoneura spp., Clysiaambiguella, Cnaphalocrocis spp., Cnephasia spp., Cochylis spp.,Coleophora spp., Crocidolomia binotalis, Cryptophlebia leucotreta, Cydiaspp., Diatraea spp., Diparopsis castanea, Earias spp., Ephestia spp.,Eucosma spp., Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euproctis spp., Euxoa spp.,Grapholita spp., Hedya nubiferana, Heliothis spp., Hellula undalis,Hyphantria cunea. Keiferia lycopersicella, Leucoptera scitella,Lithocollethis spp., Lobesia botrana, Lymantria spp., Lyonetia spp.,Malacosoma spp., Mamestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Operophtera spp.,Ostrinia Nubilalis, Pammene spp., Pandemis spp., Panolis flammea,Pectinophora gossypiella, Phthorimaea operculella, Pieris rapae, Pierisspp., Plutella xylostella, Prays spp., Scirpophaga spp., Sesamia spp.,Sparganothis spp., Spodoptera spp., Synanthedon spp., Thaumetopoea spp.,Tortrix spp., Trichoplusia ni and Yponomeuta spp.;

from the order Coleoptera, for example,

Agriotes spp., Anthonomus spp., Atomaria linearis, Chaetocnema tibialis,Cosmopolites spp., Curculio spp., Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp.,Epilachna spp., Eremnus spp., Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Lissorlzoptrusspp., Melolontha spp., Orycaephilus spp., Otiorhynchus spp., Phlyctinusspp., Popillia spp., Psylliodes spp., Rhizopertha spp., Scarabeidae,Sitophilus spp., Sitotroga spp., Tenebrio spp., Tribolium spp. andTrogoderma spp.;

from the order Orthoptera, for example,

Blatta spp., Blattella spp., Gryllotalpa spp., Leucophaea maderae,Locusta spp., Periplaneta spp., and Schistocerca spp.;

from the order Isoptera, for example,

Reticulitemes spp.;

from the order Psocoptera, for example,

Liposcelis spp.;

from the order Anoplura, for example,

Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Pemphigus spp. andPhylloxera spp.;

from the order Mallophaga, for example,

Damalinea spp. and Trichodectes spp.;

from the order Thysanoptera, for example,

Franklinella spp., Hercinothrips spp., Taeniothrips spp., Thrips palmi,Thrips tabaci and Scirtothrips aurantii;

from the order Heteroptera, for example,

Cimex spp., Distantiella theobroma, Dysdercus spp., Euchistus spp.,Eurygaster spp., Leptocorisa spp., Nezara spp., Piesma spp., Rhodniusspp., Sahlbergella singularis, Scotinophara spp., Triatoma spp., Miridaefamily spp. such as Lygus hesperus and Lygus lineoloris, Lygaeidaefamily spp. such as Blissus leucopterus, and Pentatomidae family spp.;

from the order Homoptera, for example,

Aleurothrixus floccosus. Aleyrodes brassicae, Aonidiella spp.,Aphididae, Aphis spp., Aspidiotus spp., Bernisia tabaci, Ceroplasterspp., Chrysomphalus aonidium, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Coccushesperidum, Empoasca spp., Eriosoma larigerum, Erythroneura spp.,Gascardia spp., Laodelphax spp., Lacanium corni, Lepidosaphes spp.,Macrosiphus spp., Myzus spp., Nehotettix spp., Nilaparvata spp.,Paratoria spp., Pemphigus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudaulacaspis spp.,Pseudococcus spp. Psylla spp., Pulvinaria aethiopica, Quadraspidioutsspp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp., Scaplzoideus spp., Schizaphisspp., Sitobion spp., Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trioza erytreae andUnaspis citri;

from the order Hymenoptera, for example,

Acromyrmex, Atta spp., Cephus spp., Diprion spp., Diprionidae, Gilpiniapolytoma, Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Neodiprionspp, Solenopsis spp. and Vespa spp.;

from the order Diptera, for example,

Aedes spp., Antherigona soccata, Bibio hortulanus, Calliphoraerythrocephala, Ceratitis spp., Chrysomyia spp., Culex spp., Cuterebraspp., Dacus spp., Drosophila melanogaster, Fannia spp., Gastrophilusspp., Glossina spp., Hypoderma spp., Hyppobosca spp., Lirionzysa spp.,Lucilia spp., Melanagromyza spp., Musca spp., Oestrus spp., Orseoliaspp., Oscinella frit, Pegomyia hyoscyami, Plzorbia spp., Rhagoletispomonella, Sciara spp., Stomoxys spp., Tabanus spp., Tannia spp. andTipula spp.,

from the order Siphonaptera, for example,

Ceratophyllus spp. and Xenopsylla cheopis and

from the order Thysanura, for example,

Lepisma saccharina.

It has been found that the present invention is particularly effectivewhen the insect pest is a Diabrotica spp., and especially when the pestis Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR),Diabrotica barberi (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgiferazeae (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian CornRootworm (BZR) or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting ofDiabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa), or Diabroticaundecimpunctata howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR).

The present invention is also particularly effective for controllingspecies of insects that pierce and/or suck the fluids from the cells andtissues of plants, including but not limited to stinkbugs (Pentatomidaefamily species), and plant bugs in the Miridae family such as westerntarnished plant bugs (Lygus hesperus species), tarnished plant bugs(Lygus lineolaris species), and pale legume bugs (Lygus elisus).

Modifications of the methods disclosed herein are also surprisinglyparticularly useful in controlling crop pests within the orderlepidopteran.

The present invention provides stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules forcontrol of insect infestations. The dsRNA or siRNA nucleotide sequencescomprise double strands of polymerized ribonucleotide and may includemodifications to either the phosphate-sugar backbone or the nucleoside.Modifications in RNA structure may be tailored to allow specific geneticinhibition.

In one embodiment, the dsRNA molecules may be modified through anenzymatic process so the siRNA molecules may be generated. The siRNA canefficiently mediate the down-regulation effect for some target genes insome insects. This enzymatic process may be accomplished by utilizing anRNAse III enzyme or a DICER enzyme, present in the cells of an insect, avertebrate animal, a fungus or a plant in the eukaryotic RNAi pathway(Elbashir et al., 2002, Methods, 26(2):199-213; Hamilton and Baulcombe,1999, Science 286:950-952). This process may also utilize a recombinantDICER or RNAse III introduced into the cells of a target insect throughrecombinant DNA techniques that are readily known to the skilled in theart. Both the DICER enzyme and RNAse III, being naturally occurring inan insect or being made through recombinant DNA techniques, cleavelarger dsRNA strands into smaller oligonucleotides. The DICER enzymesspecifically cut the dsRNA molecules into siRNA pieces each of which isabout 19-25 nucleotides in length while the RNAse III enzymes normallycleave the dsRNA molecules into 12-15 base-pair siRNA. The siRNAmolecules produced by the either of the enzymes have 2 to 3 nucleotide3′ overhangs, and 5′ phosphate and 3′ hydroxyl termini. The siRNAmolecules generated by RNAse III enzyme are the same as those producedby Dicer enzymes in the eukaryotic RNAi pathway and are hence thentargeted and degraded by an inherent cellular RNA-degrading mechanismafter they are subsequently unwound, separated into single-stranded RNAand hybridize with the RNA sequences transcribed by the target gene.This process results in the effective degradation or removal of the RNAsequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence of the target gene in theinsect. The outcome is the silencing of a particularly targetednucleotide sequence within the insect. Detailed descriptions ofenzymatic processes can be found in Hannon (2002, Nature, 418:244-251).

Inhibition of a target gene using the stabilized dsRNA technology of thepresent invention is sequence-specific in that nucleotide sequencescorresponding to the duplex region of the RNA are targeted for geneticinhibition. RNA containing a nucleotide sequences identical to a portionof the target gene is preferred for inhibition. RNA sequences withinsertions, deletions, and single point mutations relative to the targetsequence have also been found to be effective for inhibition. Inperformance of the present invention, it is preferred that theinhibitory dsRNA and the portion of the target gene share at least fromabout 80% sequence identity, or from about 90% sequence identity, orfrom about 95% sequence identity, or from about 99% sequence identity,or even about 100% sequence identity. Alternatively, the duplex regionof the RNA may be defined functionally as a nucleotide sequence that iscapable of hybridizing with a portion of the target gene transcript. Aless than full length sequence exhibiting a greater homology compensatesfor a longer less homologous sequence. The length of the identicalnucleotide sequences may be at least about 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400,500 or at least about 1000 bases. Normally, a sequence of greater than20-100 nucleotides should be used, though a sequence of greater thanabout 200-300 nucleotides would be preferred, and a sequence of greaterthan about 500-1000 nucleotides would be especially preferred dependingon the size of the target gene. The invention has the advantage of beingable to tolerate sequence variations that might be expected due togenetic mutation, strain polymorphism, or evolutionary divergence. Theintroduced nucleic acid molecule may not need to be absolute homology,may not need to be full length, relative to either the primarytranscription product or fully processed mRNA of the target gene.Therefore, those skilled in the art need to realize that, as disclosedherein, 100% sequence identity between the RNA and the target gene isnot required to practice the present invention.

The dsRNA molecules may be synthesized either in vivo or in vitro. ThedsRNA may be formed by a single self-complementary RNA strand or fromtwo complementary RNA strands. Endogenous RNA polymerase of the cell maymediate transcription in vivo, or cloned RNA polymerase can be used fortranscription in vivo or in vitro. Inhibition may be targeted byspecific transcription in an organ, tissue, or cell type; stimulation ofan environmental condition (e.g., infection, stress, temperature,chemical inducers); and/or engineering transcription at a developmentalstage or age. The RNA strands may or may not be polyadenylated; the RNAstrands may or may not be capable of being translated into a polypeptideby a cell's translational apparatus.

The RNA, dsRNA, siRNA, or miRNA of the present invention may be producedchemically or enzymatically by one skilled in the art through manual orautomated reactions or in vivo in another organism. RNA may also beproduced by partial or total organic synthesis; any modifiedribonucleotide can be introduced by in vitro enzymatic or organicsynthesis. The RNA may be synthesized by a cellular RNA polymerase or abacteriophage RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7, SP6). The use and productionof an expression construct are known in the art (see, for example, WO97/32016; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,874, 5,698,425, 5,712,135, 5,789,214, and5,804,693). If synthesized chemically or by in vitro enzymaticsynthesis, the RNA may be purified prior to introduction into the cell.For example, RNA can be purified from a mixture by extraction with asolvent or resin, precipitation, electrophoresis, chromatography, or acombination thereof. Alternatively, the RNA may be used with no or aminimum of purification to avoid losses due to sample processing. TheRNA may be dried for storage or dissolved in an aqueous solution. Thesolution may contain buffers or salts to promote annealing, and/orstabilization of the duplex strands.

For transcription from a transgene in vivo or an expression construct, aregulatory region (e.g., promoter, enhancer, silencer, andpolyadenylation) may be used to transcribe the RNA strand (or strands).Therefore, in one embodiment, the nucleotide sequences for use inproducing RNA molecules may be operably linked to one or more promotersequences functional in a microorganism, a fungus or a plant host cell.Ideally, the nucleotide sequences are placed under the control of anendogenous promoter, normally resident in the host genome. Thenucleotide sequence of the present invention, under the control of anoperably linked promoter sequence, may further be flanked by additionalsequences that advantageously affect its transcription and/or thestability of a resulting transcript. Such sequences are generallylocated upstream of the operably linked promoter and/or downstream ofthe 3′ end of the expression construct and may occur both upstream ofthe promoter and downstream of the 3′ end of the expression construct,although such an upstream sequence only is also contemplated.

In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence of the present inventionmay comprise an inverted repeat separated by a “spacer sequence”. Thespacer sequence may be a region comprising any sequence of nucleotidesthat facilitates secondary structure formation between each repeat,where this is required. In one embodiment of the present invention, thespacer sequence is part of the sense or antisense coding sequence formRNA. The spacer sequence may alternatively comprise any combination ofnucleotides or homologues thereof that are capable of being linkedcovalently to a nucleic acid molecule. The spacer sequence may comprisea sequence of nucleotides of at least about 10-100 nucleotides inlength, or alternatively at least about 100-200 nucleotides in length,at least 200-400 about nucleotides in length, or at least about 400-500nucleotides in length.

For the purpose of the present invention, the dsRNA or siRNA moleculesmay be obtained from the CRW by polymerase chain (PCR) amplification ofa target CRW gene sequences derived from a corn rootworm gDNA or cDNAlibrary or portions thereof. The WCR larvae may be prepared usingmethods known to the ordinary skilled in the art and DNA/RNA may beextracted. Larvae with various sizes ranging from 1^(st) instars tofully-grown CRWs may be used for the purpose of the present inventionfor DNA/RNA extraction. Genomic DNA or cDNA libraries generated from WCRmay be used for PCR amplification for production of the dsRNA or siRNA.

The target genes may be then be PCR amplified and sequenced using themethods readily available in the art. One skilled in the art may be ableto modify the PCR conditions to ensure optimal PCR product formation.The confirmed PCR product may be used as a template for in vitrotranscription to generate sense and antisense RNA with the includedminimal promoters.

The present inventors contemplate that nucleic acid sequences identifiedand isolated from any insect species in the insect kingdom may be usedin the present invention for control of WCR and another targetedinsects. In one aspect of the present invention, the nucleic acid may bederived from a species from a coleopteran species. Specifically, thenucleic acid may be derived from leaf beetles belonging to the genusDiabrotica (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) and more specifically the nucleicacid molecules of the present invention may be derived from species inthe virgifera group. Most specifically, the nucleic acid molecules ofthe present invention may be derived from Diabrotica virgifera virgiferaLeConte that is normally referred to as WCR. The isolated nucleic acidsmay be useful, for example, in identifying a target gene and inconstructing a recombinant vector that produce stabilized dsRNAs orsiRNAs of the present invention for protecting plants from WCR insectinfestations.

Therefore, in one embodiment, the present invention comprises isolatedand purified nucleotide sequences from WCR or Lygus that may be used asthe insect control agents. The isolated and purified nucleotidesequences comprise those as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ IDNO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in SEQ IDNO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequence listing.

The nucleic acids from WCR or other insects that may be used in thepresent invention may also comprise isolated and substantially purifiedUnigenes and EST nucleic acid molecules or nucleic acid fragmentmolecules thereof. EST nucleic acid molecules may encode significantportions of, or indeed most of, the polypeptides. Alternatively, thefragments may comprise smaller oligonucleotides having from about 15 toabout 250 nucleotide residues, and more preferably, about 15 to about 30nucleotide residues. Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecules for usein the present invention may be from cDNA libraries from WCR, fromLygus, or from any other invertebrate pest species.

As used herein, the phrase “a substantially purified nucleic acid”, “anartificial sequence”, “an isolated and substantially purified nucleicacid”, or “an isolated and substantially purified nucleotide sequence”refers to a nucleic acid that is no longer accompanied by some ofmaterials with which it is associated in its natural state or to anucleic acid the structure of which is not identical to that of any ofnaturally occurring nucleic acid. Examples of a substantially purifiednucleic acid include: (1) DNAs which have the sequence of part of anaturally occurring genomic DNA molecules but are not flanked by twocoding sequences that flank that part of the molecule in the genome ofthe organism in which it naturally occurs; (2) a nucleic acidincorporated into a vector or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote oreukaryote in a manner such that the resulting molecule is not identicalto any naturally occurring vector or genomic DNA; (3) a separatemolecule such as a cDNA, a genomic fragment, a fragment produced bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR), or a restriction fragment; (4)recombinant DNAs; and (5) synthetic DNAs. A substantially purifiednucleic acid may also be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA,genomic DNA or synthetic DNA.

Nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof from WCR, Lygus, or otherinvertebrate pest species may be employed to obtain other nucleic acidmolecules from other species for use in the present invention to producedesired dsRNA and siRNA molecules. Such nucleic acid molecules includethe nucleic acid molecules that encode the complete coding sequence of aprotein and promoters and flanking sequences of such molecules. Inaddition, such nucleic acid molecules include nucleic acid moleculesthat encode for gene family members.

Such molecules can be readily obtained by using the above-describednucleic acid molecules or fragments thereof to screen cDNA or gDNAlibraries obtained from D. v. virgifera or from Lygus hesperus. Methodsfor forming such libraries are well known in the art.

Nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof from WCR or Lygus may alsobe employed to obtain other nucleic acid molecules such as nucleic acidhomologues for use in the present invention to produce desired dsRNA andsiRNA molecules. Such homologues include the nucleic acid molecules thatencode, in whole or in part, protein homologues of other species, plantsor other organisms. Such molecules can be readily obtained by using theabove-described nucleic acid molecules or fragments thereof to screenEST, cDNA or gDNA libraries. Methods for forming such libraries are wellknown in the art. Such homologue molecules may differ in theirnucleotide sequences from those found in one or more of SEQ ID NO:1through SEQ ID NO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 orin SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequencelistingor complements thereof disclosed herein, because completecomplementarity is not needed for stable hybridization. These nucleicacid molecules also include molecules that, although capable ofspecifically hybridizing with the nucleic acid molecules may lackcomplete complementarity. In a particular embodiment, methods for 3′ or5′ RACE may be used to obtain such sequences (Frohman, M. A. et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85:8998-9002 (1988); Ohara, O. et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 86:5673-5677 (1989)). In general, any ofthe above described nucleic acid molecules or fragments may be used togenerate dsRNAs or siRNAs that are suitable for use in a diet, in aspray-on mixer or in a recombinant DNA construct of the presentinvention.

As used herein, the phrase “coding sequence”, “structural nucleotidesequence” or “structural nucleic acid molecule” refers to a nucleotidesequence that is translated into a polypeptide, usually via mRNA, whenplaced under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. Theboundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a translation startcodon at the 5′-terminus and a translation stop codon at the3′-terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to,genomic DNA, cDNA, EST and recombinant nucleotide sequences.

The term “recombinant DNA” or “recombinant nucleotide sequence” refersto DNA that contains a genetically engineered modification throughmanipulation via mutagenesis, restriction enzymes, and the like.

The nucleic acid molecules or fragment of the nucleic acid molecules orother nucleic acid molecules from WCR are capable of specificallyhybridizing to other nucleic acid molecules under certain circumstances.As used herein, two nucleic acid molecules are said to be capable ofspecifically hybridizing to one another if the two molecules are capableof forming an anti-parallel, double-stranded nucleic acid structure. Anucleic acid molecule is said to be the complement of another nucleicacid molecule if they exhibit complete complementarity. Two moleculesare said to be “minimally complementary” if they can hybridize to oneanother with sufficient stability to permit them to remain annealed toone another under at least conventional “low-stringency” conditions.Similarly, the molecules are said to be complementary if they canhybridize to one another with sufficient stability to permit them toremain annealed to one another under conventional “high-stringency”conditions. Conventional stringency conditions are described bySambrook, et al., and by Haymes, et al. In: Nucleic Acid Hybridization,A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Washington, D.C. (1985).

Departures from complete complementarity are therefore permissible, aslong as such departures do not completely preclude the capacity of themolecules to form a double-stranded structure. Thus, in order for anucleic acid molecule or a fragment of the nucleic acid molecule toserve as a primer or probe it needs only be sufficiently complementaryin sequence to be able to form a stable double-stranded structure underthe particular solvent and salt concentrations employed.

Appropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization are,for example, 6.0× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C.,followed by a wash of 2.0×SSC at 50° C., are known to those skilled inthe art or can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, JohnWiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. For example, the saltconcentration in the wash step can be selected from a low stringency ofabout 2.0×SSC at 50° C. to a high stringency of about 0.2×SSC at 50° C.In addition, the temperature in the wash step can be increased from lowstringency conditions at room temperature, about 22° C., to highstringency conditions at about 65° C. Both temperature and salt may bevaried, or either the temperature or the salt concentration may be heldconstant while the other variable is changed.

A nucleic acid for use in the present invention may specificallyhybridize to one or more of nucleic acid molecules from WCR orcomplements thereof under moderately stringent conditions, for exampleat about 2.0×SSC and about 65° C. A nucleic acid for use in the presentinvention will include those nucleic acid molecules that specificallyhybridize to one or more of the nucleic acid molecules disclosed thereinas set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 asset forth in the sequence listing or complements thereof under highstringency conditions. Preferably, a nucleic acid for use in the presentinvention will exhibit at least from about 80%, or at least from about90%, or at least from about 95%, or at least from about 98% or evenabout 100% sequence identity with one or more nucleic acid molecules asset forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 asset forth in the sequence listing, or as disclosed herein; or a nucleicacid for use in the present invention will exhibit at from about 80%, orat least from about 90%, or at least from about 95%, or at least fromabout 98% or even about 100% sequence identity with one or more nucleicacid molecules as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, inSEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in SEQ ID NO:40607 throughSEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequence listing isolated from thegenomic DNA of an insect pest.

All or a substantial portion of the nucleic acids from WCR may be usedto isolate cDNAs, gDNAs and nucleic acids encoding Diabrotica proteinhomologues or fragments thereof from the same or other species. Thedetailed descriptions of the techniques on isolation and identificationof nucleic acids of the present invention from cDNA or gDNA librariesare disclosed in the examples.

Nucleic acids of the present invention may also be synthesized, eithercompletely or in part, especially where it is desirable to provideplant-preferred sequences, by methods known in the art. Thus, all or aportion of the nucleic acids of the present invention may be synthesizedusing codons preferred by a selected host. Species-preferred codons maybe determined, for example, from the codons used most frequently in theproteins expressed in a particular host species. Other modifications ofthe nucleotide sequences may result in mutants having slightly alteredactivity.

The present invention provides in part a delivery system for thedelivery of insect control agents to insects. The stabilized dsRNA orsiRNA molecules of the present invention may be directly introduced intothe cells of an insect, or introduced into an extracellular cavity,interstitial space, lymph system, digestive system, into the circulationof the insect through oral ingestion or other means that one skilled inthe art may employ. Methods for oral introduction may include directmixing of RNA with food of the insect, as well as engineered approachesin which a species that is used as food is engineered to express thedsRNA or siRNA, then fed to the insect to be affected. In oneembodiment, for example, the dsRNA or siRNA molecules may beincorporated into, or overlaid on the top of, the insect's diet. Inanother embodiment, the RNA may be sprayed onto a plant surface. Instill another embodiment, the dsRNA or siRNA may be expressed bymicroorganisms and the microorganisms may be applied onto a plantsurface or introduced into a root, stem by a physical means such as aninjection. In still another embodiment, a plant may be geneticallyengineered to express the dsRNA or siRNA in an amount sufficient to killthe insects known to infect the plant.

Specifically, in practicing the present invention in WCR, the stabilizeddsRNA or siRNA may be introduced in the midgut inside the insect andachieve the desired inhibition of the targeted genes. The dsRNA or siRNAmolecules may be incorporated into a diet or be overlaid on the diet asdiscussed above and may be ingested by the insects. In any event, thedsRNA's of the present invention are provided in the diet of the targetpest. The target pest of the present invention will exhibit a digestivetract pH from about 4.5 to about 9.5, or from about 5 to about 8.5, orfrom about 6 to about 8, or from about 6.5 to about 7.7, or about 7.0.The digestive tract of a target pest is defined herein as the locationwithin the pest that food that is ingested by the target pest is exposedto an environment that is favorable for the uptake of the dsRNAmolecules of the present invention without suffering a pH so extremethat the hydrogen bonding between the double-strands of the dsRNA arecaused to dissociate and form single stranded molecules.

Further, for the purpose of controlling insect infestations in plants,delivery of insect control dsRNAs to the surfaces of a plant via aspray-on application affords another means of protecting the plants. Inthis instance, a bacterium engineered to produce and accumulate dsRNAsmay be fermented and the products of the fermentation formulated as aspray-on product compatible with common agricultural practices. Theformulations may include the appropriate stickers and wetters requiredfor efficient foliar coverage as well as UV protectants to protectdsRNAs from UV damage. Such additives are commonly used in thebioinsecticide industry and are well known to those skilled in the art.Likewise, formulations for soil application may include granularformulations that serve as a bait for larvae of soil insect pests suchas the corn rootworm.

It is also anticipated that dsRNA's produced by chemical or enzymaticsynthesis may be formulated in a manner consistent with commonagricultural practices and used as spray-on products for controllinginsect infestations. The formulations may include the appropriatestickers and wetters required for efficient foliar coverage as well asUV protectants to protect dsRNAs from UV damage. Such additives arecommonly used in the bioinsecticide industry and are well known to thoseskilled in the art. Such applications could be combined with otherspray-on insecticide applications, biologically based or not, to enhanceplant protection from insect feeding damage.

The present inventors contemplate that bacterial strains producinginsecticidal proteins may be used to produce dsRNAs for insect controlpurposes. These strains may exhibit improved insect control properties.A variety of different bacterial hosts may be used to produce insectcontrol dsRNAs. Exemplary bacteria may include E. coli, B.thuringiensis, Pseudomonas sp., Photorhadbus sp., Xenorhabdus sp.,Serratia entomophila and related Serratia sp. B. sphaericus, B. cereus,B. laterosporus, B. popilliae, Clostridium bifermentans and otherClostridium species, or other spore-forming gram-positive bacteria.

The present invention also relates to recombinant DNA constructs forexpression in a microorganism. Exogenous nucleic acids from which an RNAof interest is transcribed can be introduced into a microbial host cell,such as a bacterial cell or a fungal cell, using methods known in theart.

The nucleotide sequences of the present invention may be introduced intoa wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganism hosts toproduce the stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules. The term“microorganism” includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial speciessuch as bacteria and fungi. Fungi include yeasts and filamentous fungi,among others. Illustrative prokaryotes, both Gram-negative andGram-positive, include Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia, Erwinia,Shigella, Salmonella, and Proteus; Bacillaceae; Rhizobiceae, such asRhizobium; Spirillaceae, such as photobacterium, Zymomonas, Serratia,Aeromonas, Vibrio, Desulfovibrio, Spirillum; Lactobacillaceae;Pseudomonadaceae, such as Pseudomonas and Acetobacter; Azotobacteraceae,Actinomycetales, and Nitrobacteraceae. Among eukaryotes are fungi, suchas Phycomycetes and Ascomycetes, which includes yeast, such asSaccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces; and Basidiomycetes yeast, such asRhodotorula, Aureobasidium, Sporobolomyces, and the like.

For the purpose of plant protection against insects, a large number ofmicroorganisms known to inhabit the phylloplane (the surface of theplant leaves) and/or the rhizosphere (the soil surrounding plant roots)of a wide variety of important crops may also be desirable host cellsfor manipulation, propagation, storage, delivery and/or mutagenesis ofthe disclosed recombinant constructs. These microorganisms includebacteria, algae, and fungi. Of particular interest are microorganisms,such as bacteria, e.g., genera Bacillus (including the species andsubspecies B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1, B. thuringiensis kurstakiHD-73, B. thuringiensis sotto, B. thuringiensis berliner, B.thuringiensis thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis tolworthi, B.thuringiensis dendrolimus, B. thuringiensis alesti, B. thuringiensisgalleriae, B. thuringiensis aizawai, B. thuringiensis subtoxicus, B.thuringiensis entomocidus, B. thuringiensis tenebrionis and B.thuringiensis san diego); Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Serratia, Klebsiella,Zanthomonas, Streptomyces, Rhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Methylophilius,Agrobacterium, Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Arthrobacter, Azotobacter,Leuconostoc, and Alcaligenes; fungi, particularly yeast, e.g., generaSaccharomyces, Cryptococcus, Kluyveromyces, Sporobolomyces, Rhodotorula,and Aureobasidium. Of particular interest are such phytosphere bacterialspecies as Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratiamarcescens, Acetobacter xylinum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhodobactersphaeroides, Xanthomonas campestris, Rhizobium melioti, Alcaligeneseutrophus, and Azotobacter vinlandii; and phytosphere yeast species suchas Rhodotorula rubra, R. glutinis, R. marina, R. aurantiaca,Cryptococcus albidus, C. diffluens, C. laurentii, Saccharomyces rosei,S. pretoriensis, S. cerevisiae, Sporobolomyces roseus, S. odorus,Kluyveromyces veronae, and Aureobasidium pollulans.

A bacterial recombinant DNA vector may be a linear or a closed circularplasmid. The vector system may be a single vector or plasmid or two ormore vectors or plasmids that together contain the total DNA to beintroduced into the genome of the bacterial host. In addition, thebacterial vector may be an expression vector. Nucleic acid molecules asset forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 asset forth in the sequence listing or fragments thereof can, for example,be suitably inserted into a vector under the control of a suitablepromoter that functions in one or more microbial hosts to driveexpression of a linked coding sequence or other DNA sequence. Manyvectors are available for this purpose, and selection of the appropriatevector will depend mainly on the size of the nucleic acid to be insertedinto the vector and the particular host cell to be transformed with thevector. Each vector contains various components depending on itsfunction (amplification of DNA or expression of DNA) and the particularhost cell with which it is compatible. The vector components forbacterial transformation generally include, but are not limited to, oneor more of the following: a signal sequence, an origin of replication,one or more selectable marker genes, and an inducible promoter allowingthe expression of exogenous DNA.

Expression and cloning vectors generally contain a selection gene, alsoreferred to as a selectable marker. This gene encodes a proteinnecessary for the survival or growth of transformed host cells grown ina selective culture medium. Typical selection genes encode proteins that(a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g., ampicillin,neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophicdeficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available fromcomplex media, e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli.Those cells that are successfully transformed with a heterologousprotein or fragment thereof produce a protein conferring drug resistanceand thus survive the selection regimen.

An expression vector for producing a mRNA can also contains an induciblepromoter that is recognized by the host bacterial organism and isoperably linked to the nucleic acid encoding, for example, the nucleicacid molecule coding the D. v. virgifera mRNA or fragment thereof ofinterest. Inducible promoters suitable for use with bacterial hostsinclude β-lactamase promoter, E. coli λ phage P_(L) and P_(R) promoters,and E. coli galactose promoter, arabinose promoter, alkaline phosphatasepromoter, tryptophan (trp) promoter, and the lactose operon promoter andvariations thereof and hybrid promoters such as the tac promoter.However, other known bacterial inducible promoters are suitable.

The term “operably linked”, as used in reference to a regulatorysequence and a structural nucleotide sequence, means that the regulatorysequence causes regulated expression of the linked structural nucleotidesequence. “Regulatory sequences” or “control elements” refer tonucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ noncoding sequences), within,or downstream (3′ non-translated sequences) of a structural nucleotidesequence, and which influence the timing and level or amount oftranscription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of theassociated structural nucleotide sequence. Regulatory sequences mayinclude promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, enhancers,stem-loop structures, repressor binding sequences, and polyadenylationrecognition sequences and the like.

Alternatively, the expression constructs can be integrated into thebacterial genome with an integrating vector. Integrating vectorstypically contain at least one sequence homologous to the bacterialchromosome that allows the vector to integrate. Integrations appear toresult from recombinations between homologous DNA in the vector and thebacterial chromosome. For example, integrating vectors constructed withDNA from various Bacillus strains integrate into the Bacillus chromosome(EP 0 127,328). Integrating vectors may also be comprised ofbacteriophage or transposon sequences. Suicide vectors are also known inthe art.

Construction of suitable vectors containing one or more of theabove-listed components employs standard recombinant DNA techniques.Isolated plasmids or DNA fragments are cleaved, tailored, and re-ligatedin the form desired to generate the plasmids required. Examples ofavailable bacterial expression vectors include, but are not limited to,the multifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such asBluescript™ (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), in which, for example, a D.v. virgifera protein or fragment thereof, may be ligated into the vectorin frame with sequences for the amino-terminal Met and the subsequent 7residues of β-galactosidase so that a hybrid protein is produced; pINvectors (Van Heeke and Schuster, 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509);and the like.

A yeast recombinant construct can typically include one or more of thefollowing: a promoter sequence, fusion partner sequence, leadersequence, transcription termination sequence, a selectable marker. Theseelements can be combined into an expression cassette, which may bemaintained in a replicon, such as an extrachromosomal element (e.g.,plasmids) capable of stable maintenance in a host, such as yeast orbacteria. The replicon may have two replication systems, thus allowingit to be maintained, for example, in yeast for expression and in aprokaryotic host for cloning and amplification. Examples of suchyeast-bacteria shuttle vectors include YEp24 (Botstein et al., 1979,Gene, 8:17-24), pCl/1 (Brake et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,81:4642-4646), and YRp17 (Stinchcomb et al., 1982, J. Mol. Biol.,158:157). In addition, a replicon may be either a high or low copynumber plasmid. A high copy number plasmid will generally have a copynumber ranging from about 5 to about 200, and typically about 10 toabout 150. A host containing a high copy number plasmid will preferablyhave at least about 10, and more preferably at least about 20.

Useful yeast promoter sequences can be derived from genes encodingenzymes in the metabolic pathway. Examples of such genes include alcoholdehydrogenase (ADH) (EP 0 284044), enolase, glucokinase,glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase(GAP or GAPDH), hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, 3-phosphoglyceratemutase, and pyruvate kinase (PyK) (EP 0 3215447). The yeast PHO5 gene,encoding acid phosphatase, also provides useful promoter sequences(Myanohara et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80:1, 1983). In addition,synthetic promoters that do not occur in nature also function as yeastpromoters. Examples of such hybrid promoters include the ADH regulatorysequence linked to the GAP transcription activation region (U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,876,197 and 4,880,734). Other examples of hybrid promotersinclude promoters which consist of the regulatory sequences of the ADH2,GAL4, GAL10, or PHO5 genes, combined with the transcriptional activationregion of a glycolytic enzyme gene such as GAP or PyK (EP 0 164556).Furthermore, a yeast promoter can include naturally occurring promotersof non-yeast origin that have the ability to bind yeast RNA polymeraseand initiate transcription.

Examples of transcription terminator sequences and otheryeast-recognized termination sequences, such as those coding forglycolytic enzymes, are known to those of skill in the art.

Alternatively, the expression constructs can be integrated into theyeast genome with an integrating vector. Integrating vectors typicallycontain at least one sequence homologous to a yeast chromosome thatallows the vector to integrate, and preferably contain two homologoussequences flanking the expression construct. Integrations appear toresult from recombinations between homologous DNA in the vector and theyeast chromosome (Orr-Weaver et al., 1983, Methods in Enzymol.,101:228-245). An integrating vector may be directed to a specific locusin yeast by selecting the appropriate homologous sequence for inclusionin the vector. See Off-Weaver et al., supra. One or more expressionconstructs may integrate, possibly affecting levels of recombinantprotein produced (Rine et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,80:6750). The chromosomal sequences included in the vector can occureither as a single segment in the vector, which results in theintegration of the entire vector, or as two segments homologous toadjacent segments in the chromosome and flanking the expressionconstruct in the vector, which results in the stable integration of onlythe expression construct.

The present invention also contemplates transformation of a nucleotidesequence of the present invention into a plant to achieve pestinhibitory levels of expression of one or more dsRNA molecules. Atransformation vector can be readily prepared using methods available inthe art. The transformation vector comprises one or more nucleotidesequences that is/are capable of being transcribed to an RNA moleculeand that is/are substantially homologous and/or complementary to one ormore nucleotide sequences encoded by the genome of the insect, such thatupon uptake of the RNA transcribed from the one or more nucleotidesequences molecules by the insect, there is down-regulation ofexpression of at least one of the respective nucleotide sequences of thegenome of the insect.

The transformation vector may further mean a dsDNA construct and mayalso be regarded inter alia as a recombinant molecule, an insect controlagent, a genetic molecule or a chimeric genetic construct. A chimericgenetic construct of the present invention may comprise, for example,nucleotide sequences encoding one or more antisense transcripts, one ormore sense transcripts, one or more of each of the afore-mentioned,wherein all or part of a transcript therefrom is homologous to all orpart of an RNA molecule comprising an RNA sequence encoded by anucleotide sequence within the genome of an insect.

In one embodiment the plant transformation vector is an isolated andpurified DNA molecule comprising a promoter operatively linked to one ormore nucleotide sequences of the present invention. The nucleotidesequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 throughSEQ ID NO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 and SEQ IDNO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequence listing.The nucleotide sequence includes a segment coding all or part of an RNApresent within a targeted pest RNA transcript and may comprise invertedrepeats of all or a part of a targeted pest RNA. The DNA moleculecomprising the expression vector may also contain a functional intronsequence positioned either upstream of the coding sequence or evenwithin the coding sequence, and may also contain a five prime (5′)untranslated leader sequence (i.e., a UTR or 5′-UTR) positioned betweenthe promoter and the point of translation initiation.

A plant transformation vector may contain sequences from more than onegene, thus allowing production of more than one dsRNA for inhibitingexpression of two or more genes in cells of a target pest. One skilledin the art will readily appreciate that segments of DNA whose sequencecorresponds to that present in different genes can be combined into asingle composite DNA segment for expression in a transgenic plant.Alternatively, a plasmid of the present invention already containing atleast one DNA segment can be modified by the sequential insertion ofadditional DNA segments between the enhancer and promoter and terminatorsequences. In the insect control agent of the present invention designedfor the inhibition of multiple genes, the genes to be inhibited can beobtained from the same insect species in order to enhance theeffectiveness of the insect control agent. In certain embodiments, thegenes can be derived from different insects in order to broaden therange of insects against which the agent is effective. When multiplegenes are targeted for suppression or a combination of expression andsuppression, a polycistronic DNA element can be fabricated asillustrated and disclosed in Fillatti, Application Publication No. US2004-0029283.

Where a nucleotide sequence of the present invention is to be used totransform a plant, a promoter exhibiting the ability to drive expressionof the coding sequence in that particular species of plant is selected.Promoters that function in different plant species are also well knownin the art. Promoters useful for expression of polypeptides in plantsare those that are inducible, viral, synthetic, or constitutive asdescribed in Odell et al. (1985, Nature 313:810-812), and/or promotersthat are temporally regulated, spatially regulated, andspatio-temporally regulated. Preferred promoters include the enhancedCaMV35S promoters, and the FMV35S promoter. For the purpose of thepresent invention, e.g., for optimum control of species that feed onroots, it is preferable to achieve the highest levels of expression ofthese genes within the roots of plants. A number of root-enhancedpromoters have been identified and are known in the art. (Lu et al.,2000, J. Plant Phys., 156(2):277-283;U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,848 and6,489,542). A recombinant DNA vector or construct of the presentinvention will typically comprise a selectable marker that confers aselectable phenotype on plant cells. Selectable markers may also be usedto select for plants or plant cells that contain the exogenous nucleicacids encoding polypeptides or proteins of the present invention. Themarker may encode biocide resistance, antibiotic resistance (e.g.,kanamycin, G418 bleomycin, hygromycin, etc.), or herbicide resistance(e.g., glyphosate, etc.). Examples of selectable markers include, butare not limited to, a neo gene which codes for kanamycin resistance andcan be selected for using kanamycin, G418, etc.; a bar gene which codesfor bialaphos resistance; a mutant EPSP synthase gene which encodesglyphosate resistance; a nitrilase gene which confers resistance tobromoxynil; a mutant acetolactate synthase gene (ALS) which confersimidazolinone or sulphonylurea resistance; and a methotrexate resistantDHFR gene.

A recombinant vector or construct of the present invention may alsoinclude a screenable marker. Screenable markers may be used to monitorexpression. Exemplary screenable markers include a β-glucuronidase oruidA gene (GUS) which encodes an enzyme for which various chromogenicsubstrates are known (Jefferson, 1987, Plant Mol. Biol, Rep. 5:387-405;Jefferson et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6:3901-3907); an R-locus gene, whichencodes a product that regulates the production of anthocyanin pigments(red color) in plant tissues (Dellaporta et al., 1988, StadlerSymposium/1:263-282); a β-lactamase gene (Sutcliffe et al., 1978, Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. 75:3737-3741), a gene which encodes an enzyme for whichvarious chromogenic substrates are known (e.g., PADAC, a chromogeniccephalosporin); a luciferase gene (Ow et al., 1986, Science 234:856-859)a xylE gene (Zukowsky et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:1101-1105)which encodes a catechol dioxygenase that can convert chromogeniccatechols; an α-amylase gene (Ikatu et al., 1990, Bio/Technol.8:241-242); a tyrosinase gene (Katz et al., 1983, J. Gen. Microbiol.129:2703-2714) which encodes an enzyme capable of oxidizing tyrosine toDOPA and dopaquinone which in turn condenses to melanin; anα-galactosidase, which catalyzes a chromogenic α-galactose substrate.

In general it is preferred to introduce a functional recombinant DNA ata non-specific location in a plant genome. In special cases it may beuseful to insert a recombinant DNA construct by site-specificintegration. Several site-specific recombination systems exist which areknown to function implants include cre-lox as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,959,317 and FLP-FRT as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,695.

In practice DNA is introduced into only a small percentage of targetcells in any single transformation experiment. Genes encoding selectablemarkers are used to provide an efficient system for identification ofthose cells that are stably transformed by receiving and integrating atransgenic DNA construct into their genomes. Preferred marker genesprovide selective markers that confer resistance to a selective agent,such as an antibiotic or herbicide. Any of the herbicides to whichplants of this invention may be resistant are useful agents forselective markers. Potentially transformed cells are exposed to theselective agent. In the population of surviving cells will be thosecells where, generally, the resistance-conferring gene is integrated andexpressed at sufficient levels to permit cell survival. Cells may betested further to confirm stable integration of the exogenous DNA.Commonly used selective marker genes include those conferring resistanceto antibiotics such as kanamycin (nptII), hygromycin B (aph IV) andgentamycin (aac3 and aacC4) or resistance/tolerance to herbicides suchas glufosinate (bar or pat), glyphosate (EPSPS), and AMPA (phnO).Examples of such selectable markers are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,550,318; 5,633,435; 5,780,708 and 6,118,047. Screenable markers whichprovide an ability to visually identify transformants can also beemployed, e.g., a gene expressing a colored or fluorescent protein suchas a luciferase or green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a gene expressinga beta-glucuronidase or uidA gene (GUS) for which various chromogenicsubstrates are known.

Preferred plant transformation vectors include those derived from a Tiplasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,536,475,4,693,977, 4,886,937, 5,501,967 and EP 0 122 791). Agrobacteriumrhizogenes plasmids (or “Ri”) are also useful and known in the art.Other preferred plant transformation vectors include those disclosed,e.g., by Herrera-Estrella (1983, Nature 303:209-213), Bevan (1983,Nature 304:184-187), Klee (1985, Bio/Technol. 3:637-642) and EP 0 120516.

Methods and compositions for transforming plants by introducing arecombinant DNA construct into a plant genome includes any of a numberof methods known in the art. One method for constructing transformedplants is microprojectile bombardment as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,015,580, 5,550,318, 5,538,880, 6,153,812, 6,160,208, 6,288,312 and6,399,861. Another method for constructing transformed plants isAgrobacterium-mediated transformation as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,159,135, 5,824,877, 5,591,616 and 6,384,301. Alternatively, othernon-Agrobacterium species can be used, such as for example Rhizobium andother prokaryotic cells that exhibit the capacity for plant cellinfection and introduction of heterologous nucleotide sequences into thegenome(s) of the infected plant cell.

The DNA constructs of the present invention may be introduced into thegenome of a desired plant host by a variety of conventionaltransformation techniques, which are well known to those skilled in theart. Suitable plant transformation vectors for the purpose ofAgrobacterium mediated transformation include those derived from a Tiplasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In addition to Agrobacteriummediated plant transformation vectors, alternative methods can be usedto insert the DNA constructs of the present invention into plant cells.Such methods may involve, but are not limited to, for example, the useof liposomes, electroporation, chemicals that increase free DNA uptake,free DNA delivery via microprojectile bombardment, and transformationusing viruses or pollen.

Any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention maybe introduced into a plant cell in a permanent or transient manner incombination with other genetic elements such as promoters, introns,enhancers, and untranslated leader sequences, etc. Any of the nucleicacid molecules encoding a coleopteran species RNA or an RNA from apiercing and sucking insect species, or preferably a D. v. virgifera RNAor a Lygus hesperus RNA, may be fabricated and introduced into a plantcell in a manner that allows for production of the dsRNA moleculeswithin the plant cell, providing an insecticidal amount of one or moreparticular dsRNA's in the diet of a target insect pest.

The term “transgenic plant cell” or “transgenic plant” refers to a plantcell or a plant that contains an exogenous nucleic acid, which can bederived from WCR, or from a different insect species or any othernon-insect species. The transgenic plants are also meant to compriseprogeny (decedent, offspring, etc.) of any generation of such atransgenic plant or a seed of any generation of all such transgenicplants wherein said progeny or seed comprises a DNA sequence encodingthe RNA, sRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, or fragment thereof of the presentinvention is also an important aspect of the invention.

A transgenic plant formed using Agrobacterium transformation methodstypically contains a single simple recombinant DNA sequence insertedinto one chromosome and is referred to as a transgenic event. Suchtransgenic plants can be referred to as being heterozygous for theinserted exogenous sequence. A transgenic plant homozygous with respectto a transgene can be obtained by sexually mating (setting) anindependent segregant transgenic plant that contains a single exogenousgene sequence to itself, for example an F0 plant, to produce F1 seed.One fourth of the F1 seed produced will be heterozygous with respect tothe transgene. Germinating F1 seed results in plants that can be testedfor heterozygosity, typically using a SNP assay or a thermalamplification assay that allows for the distinction betweenheterozygotes and homozygotes (i.e., a zygosity assay). Crossing aheterozygous plant with itself or another heterozygous plant results inonly heterozygous progeny.

In addition to direct transformation of a plant with a recombinant DNAconstruct, transgenic plants can be prepared by crossing a first planthaving a recombinant DNA construct with a second plant lacking theconstruct. For example, recombinant DNA for gene suppression can beintroduced into first plant line that is amenable to transformation toproduce a transgenic plant that can be crossed with a second plant lineto introgress the recombinant DNA for gene suppression into the secondplant line.

Transgenic plants, that can be generated by practice of the presentinvention, include but are not limited to alfalfa, aneth, apple,apricot, artichoke, arugula, asparagus, avocado, banana, barley, beans,beet, blackberry, blueberry, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, canola,cantaloupe, carrot, cassava, cauliflower, celery, cherry, cilantro,citrus, clementine, coffee, corn, cotton, cucumber, Douglas fir,eggplant, endive, escarole, eucalyptus, fennel, figs, gourd, grape,grapefruit, honey dew, jicama, kiwifruit, lettuce, leeks, lemon, lime,Loblolly pine, mango, melon, mushroom, nut, oat, okra, onion, orange, anornamental plant, papaya, parsley, pea, peach, peanut, pear, pepper,persimmon, pine, pineapple, plantain, plum, pomegranate, poplar, potato,pumpkin, quince, radiata pine, radicchio, radish, raspberry, rice, rye,sorghum, Southern pine, soybean, spinach, squash, strawberry, sugarbeet,sugarcane, sunflower, sweet potato, sweetgum, tangerine, tea, tobacco,tomato, turf, a vine, watermelon, wheat, yams, and zucchini.

The present invention can be, in practice, combined with other insectcontrol traits in a plant to achieve desired traits for enhanced controlof insect infestation. Combining insect control traits that employdistinct modes-of-action can provide insect-protected transgenic plantswith superior durability over plants harboring a single insect controltrait because of the reduced probability that resistance will develop inthe field.

The mechanism of insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis crystalproteins has been studied extensively in the past decade. It has beenshown that the crystal proteins are toxic to the larval form of theinsect only after ingestion of the protein. In lepidopteran larvae, analkaline pH and proteolytic enzymes in the insect mid-gut solubilize theproteins, thereby allowing the release of components that are toxic tothe insect. These toxic components disrupt the mid-gut cells, cause theinsect to cease feeding, and, eventually, bring about insect death. Forthis reason, B. thuringiensis toxins have proven themselves to beeffective and environmentally safe insecticides in dealing with variousinsect pests. Coleopteran and hemipteran insects, and likely dipteran,lygus and other piercing and sucking insects exhibit a gut pH that isslightly acidic, and so the Bt toxins that are effective againstlepidopteran larvae are ineffective against these pests. The slightlyacidic pH of the gut of these insects is also believed to be morehospitable to the compositions of the present invention, and withoutintending to be limited to a particular theory, it is likely that thealkaline pH of the gut of lepidopteran larvae is the reason that priorattempts to exhibit dsRNA efficacy has failed (Fire et al. U.S. Pat. No.6,506,559; Mesa et al. Patent Publication No. US2003/0150017; Rajagopalet al., 2002, J. Biol. Chem. 277:46849-46851; Tabara et al., 1998,Science 282:430-431). It is believed therefore that the dsRNA methodsdisclosed herein should be preferentially used in compositions and inplants to control coleopteran, dipteran, hemipteran, lygus, and piercingand sucking insects. The methods and compositions set forth herein areparticularly useful for targeting genes for suppression in insectsexhibiting a gut pH of from about 4.5 to about 9.5, or from about 5.0 toabout 9.0, or from about 5.5 to about 8.5, or from about 6.0 to about8.0, or from about 6.5 to about 7.7, or from about 6.8 to about 7.6, orabout 7.0. However, insects and other pest species that exhibit a gut pHof from about 7.5 to about 11.5, or from about 8.0 to about 11.0, orfrom about 9.0 to about 10.0, such as lepidopteran insect larvae, arealso intended to be within the scope of the present invention. This isparticularly true when a dsRNA specific for inhibiting a gene in alepidopteran larvae is provided in the diet of the larvae along with oneor more Bt proteins, that, with respect to the Bt protein wouldordinarily be toxic to that lepidopteran larvae when provided at orabove a threshold level. The presence of one or more Bt toxins toxic tothe same insect species would effectively reduce the gut pH, providing astable environment for the double stranded RNA molecules to exert theireffects in suppressing a target gene in the insect pest.

It would be useful to combine one or more stabilized dsRNA constructsproducing dsRNA molecules of the present invention in the diet of atarget insect pest along with one or more insecticidal proteins, suchthat the dsRNA and the insecticidal protein are toxic to the same insectpest. The insecticidal protein could be derived from B. thuringiensisbut also from other organisms known in the art to produce insecticidalproteins such as bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g.Photorhabdus sp., Xenorhabdus sp.), Serratia entomophila and relatedSerratia sp., B. sphaericus, B. cereus, B. laterosporus, B. popilliae,Clostridium bifermenrans, or other spore-forming gram-positive bacteriathat exhibit insecticidal properties. Likewise, it is envisioned thattwo or more different stabilized dsRNA constructs producing dsRNAmolecules of the present invention could be provided together within asingle plant to ensure durability of the insect control phenotype. ThesedsRNA molecules could target the same gene for silencing or,alternatively, target different genes for silencing. Two or moredifferent dsRNA's can be combined together in the same plant, each dsRNAbeing toxic to a different insect pest, neither of the dsRNA's beingtoxic to the same insect species.

It is anticipated that the combination of certain stabilized dsRNAconstructs with one or more insect control protein genes will result insynergies that enhance the insect control phenotype of a transgenicplant. Insect bioassays employing artificial diet- or whole plant tissuecan be used to define dose-responses for larval mortality or growthinhibition using both dsRNAs and insect control proteins. One skilled inthe art can test mixtures of dsRNA molecules and insect control proteinsin bioassay to identify combinations of actives that are synergistic anddesirable for deployment in insect-protected plants (Tabashnik, 1992).Synergy in killing insect pests has been reported between differentinsect control proteins (for review, see Schnepf et al., 1998). It isanticipated that synergies will exist between certain dsRNAs and betweencertain dsRNAs and certain insect control proteins.

It is also anticipated that combinations of dsRNA's will revealunexpected toxicity towards certain insect pests. Rajagopol et al (2002,J Biol. Chem. 277:46849-46851) reported that feeding dsRNAs to larvae ofthe lepidopteran pest S. litura was ineffective in silencing a geneencoding a midgut aminopeptidase. It is worth noting that the alkalinepH environment of the typical lepidopteran midgut may be a hostileenvironment for dsRNAs since the denaturation of RNA duplexes atalkaline pH would be expected to lead to rapid degradation. Pores formedby B. thuringiensis toxin proteins inserted into the midgut epithelialmembrane, result in a neutralization of the midgut pH (reviewed in Gill,1995, Mem. Inst. Osaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 90:69-74). Accordingly, B.thuringiensis toxin proteins that are only capable of forming transiention channels in the lepidopteran midgut epithelial membrane withoutcausing mortality may be sufficient to reduce the midgut pH to levelsmore conducive for the uptake of dsRNAs by midgut epithelial cells. Asone example, it is known that the Cry1Ac protein is not an effectivetoxin against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Chambers et al.,1991, J. Bacteriol. 173:3966-3976). Nevertheless, transient reductionsin midgut pH caused by the Cry1 Ac protein could serve to stabilizeco-ingested dsRNAs and render them effective in silencing S. exiguatarget genes, thereby providing an unexpected means of controlling thisinsect pest. This effect could be observed with any protein,insecticidal or not, that disrupts the ion regulation of lepidopteraninsect midgut cells, and may also be effective in coleopteran, dipteran,hemipteran, lygus bug and other piercing and sucking insect species, andthe like.

Some insecticidal proteins from B. thuringiensis, such as the Cytproteins, may cause transient openings in the midgut epithelial membraneof sensitive insect larvae due to the formation of structured pores orto the general detergent-like activity of the protein (Butko, 2003,Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2415-2422). Such openings could facilitatethe passage of dsRNA molecules into midgut epithelial cells even atprotein concentrations that are sub-optimal for causing mortality. It isanticipated that any protein, insecticidal or not, that causes transientopenings in the epithelial membranes of insects could facilitate thepassage of dsRNA molecules into insect cells and promote gene silencing.

The nucleotide sequences provided as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 throughSEQ ID NO:20303, in SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 or in SEQ IDNO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequence listing orfragments thereof, or complements thereof, can be “provided” in avariety of mediums to facilitate use. Such a medium can also provide asubset thereof in a form that allows a skilled artisan to examine thesequences.

Commodity products containing one or more of the sequences of thepresent invention, and produced from a recombinant plant or seedcontaining one or more of the nucleotide sequences of the presentinvention are specifically contemplated as embodiments of the presentinvention. A commodity product containing one or more of the sequencesof the present invention is intended to include, but not be limited to,meals, oils, crushed or whole grains or seeds of a plant, or any foodproduct comprising any meal, oil, or crushed or whole grain of arecombinant plant or seed containing one or more for the sequences ofthe present invention. The detection of one or more of the sequences ofthe present invention in one or more commodity or commodity productscontemplated herein is defacto evidence that the commodity or commodityproduct is composed of a transgenic plant designed to express one ormore of the nucleotides sequences of the present invention for thepurpose of controlling insect infestation using dsRNA mediated genesuppression methods.

In one application of this embodiment, a nucleotide sequence of thepresent invention can be recorded on computer readable media. As usedherein, “computer readable media” refers to any tangible medium ofexpression that can be read and accessed directly by a computer. Suchmedia include, but are not limited to: magnetic storage media, such asfloppy discs, hard disc, storage medium, and magnetic tape: opticalstorage media such as CD-ROM; electrical storage media such as RAM andROM; optical character recognition formatted computer files, and hybridsof these categories such as magnetic/optical storage media. A skilledartisan can readily appreciate that any of the presently known computerreadable mediums can be used to create a manufacture comprising computerreadable medium having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of thepresent invention.

As used herein, “recorded” refers to a process for storing informationon computer readable medium. A skilled artisan can readily adopt any ofthe presently known methods for recording information on computerreadable medium to generate media comprising the nucleotide sequenceinformation of the present invention. A variety of data storagestructures are available to a skilled artisan for creating a computerreadable medium having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of thepresent invention. The choice of the data storage structure willgenerally be based on the means chosen to access the stored information.In addition, a variety of data processor programs and formats can beused to store the nucleotide sequence information of the presentinvention on computer readable medium. The sequence information can berepresented in a word processing text file, formatted incommercially-available software such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word,or represented in the form of an ASCII text file, stored in a databaseapplication, such as DB2, Sybase, Oracle, or the like. The skilledartisan can readily adapt any number of data processor structuringformats (e.g. text file or database) in order to obtain computerreadable medium having recorded thereon the nucleotide sequenceinformation of the present invention.

Computer software is publicly available which allows a skilled artisanto access sequence information provided in a computer readable medium.Software that implements the BLAST (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990)) and BLAZE (Brutlag, et al., Comp. Chem. 17: 203-207(1993)) search algorithms on a Sybase system can be used to identifyopen reading frames (ORFs) within sequences such as the Unigenes andEST's that are provided herein and that contain homology to ORFs orproteins from other organisms. Such ORFs are protein-encoding fragmentswithin the sequences of the present invention and are useful inproducing commercially important proteins such as enzymes used in aminoacid biosynthesis, metabolism, transcription, translation, RNAprocessing, nucleic acid and a protein degradation, proteinmodification, and DNA replication, restriction, modification,recombination, and repair.

The present invention further provides systems, particularlycomputer-based systems, which contain the sequence information describedherein. Such systems are designed to identify commercially importantfragments of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. As usedherein, “a computer-based system” refers to the hardware means, softwaremeans, and data storage means used to analyze the nucleotide sequenceinformation of the present invention. The minimum hardware means of thecomputer-based systems of the present invention comprises a centralprocessing unit (CPU), input means, output means, and data storagemeans. A skilled artisan can readily appreciate that any one of thecurrently available computer-based system are suitable for use in thepresent invention.

The most preferred sequence length of a target sequence is from about 10to about 100 amino acids or from about 23 to about 300 nucleotideresidues.

As used herein, “a target structural motif,” or “target motif,” refersto any rationally selected sequence or combination of sequences in whichthe sequences or sequence(s) are chosen based on a three-dimensionalconfiguration that is formed upon the folding of the target motif. Thereare a variety of target motifs known in the art. Protein target motifsinclude, but are not limited to, enzymatic active sites and signalsequences. Nucleic acid target motifs include, but are not limited to,promoter sequences, cis elements, hairpin structures and inducibleexpression elements (protein binding sequences).

EXAMPLES

The inventors herein have identified a means for controllinginvertebrate pest infestation by providing a double stranded ribonucleicacid molecule in the diet of the pest. Surprisingly, the inventors havediscovered that a double stranded ribonucleic acid molecule functionsupon ingestion by the pest to inhibit a biological function in the pest,resulting in one or more of the following attributes: reduction infeeding by the pest, reduction in viability of the pest, death of thepest, inhibition of differentiation and development of the pest, absenceof or reduced capacity for sexual reproduction by the pest, muscleformation, juvenile hormone formation, juvenile hormone regulation, ionregulation and transport, maintenance of cell membrane potential, aminoacid biosynthesis, amino acid degradation, sperm formation, pheromonesynthesis, pheromone sensing, antennae formation, wing formation, legformation, development and differentiation, egg formation, larvalmaturation, digestive enzyme formation, haemolymph synthesis, haemolymphmaintenance, neurotransmission, cell division, energy metabolism,respiration, apoptosis, and any component of a eukaryotic cells'cytoskeletal structure, such as, for example, actins and tubulins. Anyone or any combination of these attributes can result in an effectiveinhibition of pest infestation, and in the case of a plant pest,inhibition of plant infestation. For example, when used as a dietcomposition containing a pest inhibitory sufficient amount of one ormore double stranded ribonucleic acid molecules provided topically to aplant, as a seed treatment, as a soil application around a plant, orwhen produced by a plant from a recombinant DNA molecule present withinthe cells of a plant, plant pest infestation is unexpectedlydramatically reduced. The Examples set forth herein below areillustrative of the invention when applied to a single pest. However,the skilled artisan will recognize that the methods, formulae, and ideaspresented in the Examples are not intended to be limiting, and areapplicable to all invertebrate pest species that can consume foodsources that can be formulated to contain a sufficient amount of a pestinhibitory agent consisting at least of one or more double stranded RNAmolecules exemplified herein intended to suppress some essential featureabout or function within the pest.

Example 1

This example illustrates the identification of nucleotide sequencesthat, when provided in the form of double stranded RNA molecules in thediet of a corn rootworm, are useful for controlling corn rootworms.

Corn rootworm cDNA libraries (LIB149, LIB 150, LIB3027, LIB3373) wereconstructed from whole larvae and from dissected midgut sections, andnucleotide sequence information was obtained (see Andersen et al., U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/205,189 filed Jul. 24, 2002, incorporatedherein specifically by reference in its entirety). In addition, cDNAlibraries were constructed from whole larvae at different developmentalstages and at different times within each developmental stage in orderto maximize the number of different EST sequences from the Diabroticaspecies. Libraries LIB5444 and LIB5462 were constructed respectivelyfrom mRNA pools obtained from first (1 gram) and third (2.9 grams)instar Western Corn Rootworm larvae. Harvested insects were rapidlyfrozen by insertion into liquid nitrogen. The insects were ground in amortar and pestle maintained at or below −20 C by chilling on dry iceand/or with the addition of liquid nitrogen to the mortar until thetissue was ground into a fine powder. RNA was extracted using TRlzol®reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. PolyA+ RNA was isolated from the total RNA prep using Dynabeads Oligo dT(Dynal Inc., NY) following the manufacturer's instructions. A cDNAlibrary was constructed from the Poly A+ RNA using the SuperScript™Plasmid System (Invitrogen). cDNA was size fractionated usingchromatography. The fourth and fifth fractions were collected andligated into the pSPORT1 vector (Life Technologies Inc., GaithersburgMd.) between the SalI and NotI restriction endonucleases recognitionsites, and transformed into E. coli DH10B electro-competent cells byelectroporation. The first instar larvae library yielded about 420,000colony-forming units. The third instar larvae library yielded about2.78×10⁶ colony forming units. Colonies from LIB149, LIB150 were washedfrom the plates, mixed to uniformity by vortexing briefly, and pooledinto Tris-EDTA buffer. Half of the wash was brought to 10% glycerol,aliquoted into cryovials, and stored at −70 C. The other half was usedto produce plasmid DNA using a Quiagen midi-prep purification column, orits equivalent. Purified plasmid DNA was aliquoted to microcentrifugetubes and stored at −20 C.

Colonies from the Diabrotica virgifera cDNA libraries LIB5444 andLIB5462 were amplified individually in a high viscosity medium.Approximately 200,000 colony-forming units from LIB5444 and 600,000colony-forming units from LIB5462 were mixed on a stir plate separatelyin 500 ml LB medium containing 0.3% SeaPrep Agarose® and 50 mg/lcarbenecillin at 37° C. and then rapidly cooled in a water/ice bath for1 hour allowing uniform suspension of the bacterial colonies. Theinoculated libraries were then grown at 30° C. for 42 hours. Afterincubation, the cells were mixed for 5 minutes on a stir plate. Themedium was then transferred to two 250 ml centrifuge bottles. Thebacterial cells were pelleted at 10,000×g for 10 minutes. The medium wasremoved from the bottles and the cells were resuspended in a total of 20ml of LB medium with 50 mg/l carbenecillin. Dimethyl sulfoxide was addedto 10% to preserve the cells in freezing. Both libraries were amplifiedto a final titer of 10⁸ colony-forming units per milliliter. Samples ofthe Diabrotica virgifera cDNA libraries LIB5444 and LIB5462 werecombined and adjusted to a DNA concentration of about 1.25 microgramsper microliter in sterile distilled and deionized water and aliquotedinto twenty five cryovials, each cryovial containing about 8.75micrograms of DNA. These samples were deposited by theapplicant(s)/inventors with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)located at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va., USA ZIP 20110-2209on Jun. 10, 2004 and referred to as LIB5444/62. The ATCC provided theApplicant with a deposit receipt, assigning the ATCC Deposit AccessionNo. PTA-6072.

Corn rootworm high molecular weight cDNA libraries, i.e., LIB5496 andLIB5498, were prepared essentially as described above for the productionof corn rootworm cDNA libraries. Libraries LIB5496 and LIB5498 wereconstructed respectively from mRNA pools obtained from first (1 gram)and second and third (1 gram) instar Western Corn Rootworm larvae.Briefly, insects were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozeninsects were reduced to a fine powder by grinding in a mortar andpestle. RNA was extracted using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen) followingthe manufacturer's instructions. Poly A+ RNA was isolated from the totalRNA prep using Dynabeads Oligo dT (Dynal Inc., NY). A high molecularweight cDNA library was made from 20 micrograms of Poly A+ RNA using theSuperScript™ Plasmid System (Invitrogen). The cDNA was size fractionatedon a 1% agarose gel in TAE, and cDNA between the range of 1 Kb to 10 Kbwas collected and ligated into the pSPORT1 vector in between the SalIand NotI restriction sites and transformed into E. coli DH10Belectro-competent cells by electroporation. LIB5496 yielded a totaltiter of about 3.5×10⁶ colony forming units. LIB5498 yielded a totaltiter of about 1.0×10⁶ colony forming units. Colonies from the cornrootworm high molecular weight cDNA libraries LIB5496 and LIB5498 wereamplified individually in a high viscosity medium. Approximately 600,000colony-forming units from LIB5496 and LIB5498 were mixed on a stir plateseparately in 500 ml LB medium containing 0.3% SeaPrep Agarose® and 50mg/l carbenecillin at 37° C. and then rapidly cooled in a water/ice bathfor 1 hour allowing uniform suspension of the bacterial colonies. Thelibraries were then grown at 30° C. for 42 hours. After incubation, thecells were mixed for 5 minutes on a stir plate. The medium was thentransferred to two 250 mL centrifuge bottles. The bacterial cells werepelleted at 10,000×g for 10 minutes. The medium was removed from thebottles and the cells were resuspended in a total of 20 mL of LB mediumwith 50 mg/L carbenecillin. Dimethyl sulfoxide was added to 10% topreserve the cells in freezing. Both libraries were amplified to a finaltiter of 10⁸ colony-forming units per milliliter. Inserted cDNA sequenceinformation was obtained from the corn rootworm species-specific plasmidlibraries.

The Andersen et al. rootworm libraries together with additionalsequences from the libraries LIB5444 and LIB5462 initially producedabout 18,415 individual EST sequences consisting of approximately1.0×10⁷ nucleotide residues. The average length of an EST sequence wasabout 586 nucleotide residues. These EST sequences were subjected tobioinformatics algorithms that resulted in the assembly of contigsequences referred to herein as UNIGENE sequences, and individual ESTsequences that could not be compiled by overlap identity with other ESTsequences, referred to herein as singletons. The LIB5444 and LIB5462libraries were then sequenced much deeper, resulting in additionalindividual EST sequences. EST sequences obtained from libraries, i.e.,LIB149, LIB150, LIB3027, LIB3373, LIB5444, LIB5462, LIB5496 and LIB5503,are set forth in the sequence listing from SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ IDNO:20303, SEQ ID NO:40701 through SEQ ID NO:40746 and SEQ ID NO:40607through SEQ ID NO:40700.

EST sequences isolated from CRW cDNA libraries were assembled, wherepossible, into UNIGENE sets and these assembled Unigene sequences arelisted in the sequence listing as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQID NO:20303. A UNIGENE is a gene-oriented cluster formed from theoverlap of individual EST sequences within regions of sequence identityto form a larger sequence. Pontius et al., Nucl Acids Res 31:28-33(2003). Each nucleotide sequence as set forth in the sequence listingwas analyzed to identify the presence of open reading frames. Amino acidsequence information deduced from open reading frames was compared toknown amino acid sequence information available in public databases inorder to deduce the extent of amino acid sequence identity or similarityto those known amino acid sequences. Biological function, if any,associated with known amino acid sequences in public databases wasannotated to the amino acid sequences deduced from the cDNA librarynucleotide sequence information. Annotations provided information thatwas suggestive of the function of a protein that may be expressed from aparticular gene that gave rise to a particular cDNA sequence, but wasnot outcome determinative. Based on the suggestive annotationinformation, certain cDNA sequences were characterized as those thatencoded a protein that was likely involved in some biological functionwithin corn rootworm cells that was either essential to life, or thatwas necessary for ensuring health and vitality to a cell, or were likelyto be involved in cellular integrity, cell maintenance, reproductivecapacity, and the like.

Several cDNA sequences were selected from this subset of cDNA sequenceslikely encoding proteins, the inhibition of which was likely to causemorbidity or mortality to CRW or to other invertebrate species cells.These sequences were then used in the construction of double strandedRNA molecules for incorporation into CRW diet.

Thermal amplification primer pairs were designed based on the cDNAsequences reported in the CRW cDNA library. Primer pairs wereconstructed either as a pair of nucleotide sequences, each member of aprimer pair exhibiting perfect complementarity either to a sense or toan antisense sequence. Some primer pair sequences were constructed sothat each member of the pair exhibited a sequence containing a T7 phageRNA polymerase promoter at it's 5′ end as set forth, for example, in SEQID NO:40608 from nucleotide position 1 through nucleotide position 23.Preferably a higher fidelity first amplification reaction was carriedout using a first primer pair lacking a T7 promoter to generate a firstamplicon using CRW genomic DNA as template. Preferably a cDNA or a mRNAsequence is used as the template for the synthesis of a dsRNA moleculefor use in the present invention because eukaryotic genome sequences arerecognized in the art to contain sequences that are not present withinthe mature RNA molecule. A sample of the first amplicon generated fromthe higher fidelity first amplification reaction was then used astemplate in a second thermal amplification reaction with a second primerpair containing the T7 promoter sequence to produce a second ampliconthat contained a T7 promoter at or embedded within the 5′ end of eachstrand of the second amplicon. The complete nucleotide sequence of thesecond amplicon was obtained in both directions and compared to thenucleotide sequence as reported for the cDNA, and discrepancies betweenthe two sequences, if any, were noted. Generally, sequences preparedusing genome DNA as template were inconsistent with further use as dsRNAmolecules for use in achieving significant levels of suppression becauseof variations within the genome sequences that were not present withinthe mRNA or cDNA sequence.

An in vitro transcription reaction typically contained from about 1 toabout 2 micrograms of linearized DNA template, T7 polymerase reactionbuffer from a 10× concentrate, ribonucleotides ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP ata final concentration of from between 50 and 100 mM each, and 1 unit ofT7 RNA polymerase enzyme. The RNA polymerase reaction was incubated atabout 37 C, depending on the optimal temperature of the RNA polymeraseused according to the manufacturers' instructions, for a period of timeranging from several minutes to several hours. Generally, reactions werecarried out for from about 2 to about 6 hours for transcription oftemplate sequences up to about 400 nucleotides in length, and for up to20 hours for transcription of template sequences greater than about 400nucleotides in length. Heating the reaction to 65 C for fifteen minutestermintes RNA transcription. RNA transcription products wereprecipitated in ethanol, washed, air dried and resuspended in RNAse freewater to a concentration of about 1 microgram per microliter. Mosttranscripts which took advantage of the opposing T7 promoter strategyoutlined above produced double stranded RNA in the in vitrotranscription reaction, however, a higher yield of double stranded RNAwas obtained by heating the purified RNA to 65 C and then slowly coolingto room temperature to ensure proper annealing of sense and antisenseRNA segments. Double stranded RNA products were then incubated withDNAse I and RNAse at 37 C for one hour to remove any DNA or singlestranded RNA present in the mixture. Double stranded RNA products werepurified over a column according to the manufacturers' instructions(AMBION MEGASCRIPT RNAi KIT) and resuspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer(pH 7.5) or RNAse free water to a concentration of between 0.1 and 1.0microgram per microliter.

A sample of double stranded RNA was either added directly to each wellcontaining insect diet as indicated above, or was modified prior tobeing added to insect diet. Modification of double stranded RNA followedthe instructions for RNAse III (AMBION CORPORATION, Austin, Tex.) orDICER (STRATAGENE, La Jolla, Calif.) provided by the manufacturer. RNAseIII digestion of double stranded RNA produced twenty-one and twenty-twonucleotide duplexes containing 5′ phosphorylated ends and 3′ hydroxylends with 2-3 base overhangs, similar to the ˜21-26 base pair duplexedshort interfering RNA (siRNA) fragments produced by the dicer enzyme inthe eukaryotic pathway identified by Hamilton et. al. (Science, 1999,286:950-952) and Elbashir et. al. (Genes & Development, 2001,15:188-200). This collection of short interfering RNA duplexes wasfurther purified and a sample characterized by polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis to determine the integrity and efficiency of duplexformation. The purity and quantity of the sample was then determined byspectrophotometry at a wavelength of 250 nanometers, and unused sampleretained for further use by storage at −20 C.

Samples of siRNA or full length double stranded RNA (dsRNA) weresubjected to bioassay with a selected number of target pests. Varyingdoes of dsRNA or siRNA were applied as an overlay to corn rootwormartificial diet according to the following procedure. Diabroticavirgifera virgifera (WCR) eggs were obtained from Crop Characteristics,Inc., Farmington, Minn. The non-diapausing WCR eggs were incubated insoil for about 13 days at 24 C, 60% relative humidity, in completedarkness. On day 13 the soil containing WCR eggs was placed between #30and #60 mesh sieves and the eggs were washed out of the soil using ahigh pressure garden hose. The eggs were surface disinfested by soakingin LYSOL for three minutes, rinsed three times with sterile water,washed one time with a 10% formalin solution and then rinsed threeadditional times in sterile water. Eggs treated in this way weredispensed onto sterile coffee filters and hatched overnight at 27 C, 60%relative humidity, in complete darkness.

Insect diet was prepared essentially according to Pleau et al.(Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 2002, 105:1-11), with thefollowing modifications. 9.4 grams of SERVA agar was dispensed into 540milliliters of purified water and agitated until the agar was thoroughlydistributed. The water/agar mixture was heated to boiling to completelydissolve the agar, and then poured into a WARING blender. The blenderwas maintained at low speed while 62.7 grams of BIO-SERV DIET mix(F9757), 3.75 grams lyophilized corn root, 1.25 milliliters of greenfood coloring, and 0.6 milliliters of formalin was added to the hot agarmixture. The mixture was then adjusted to pH 9.0 with the addition of a10% potassium hydroxide stock solution. The approximately 600 millilitervolume of liquid diet was continually mixed at high speed and maintainedat from about 48 C to about 60 C using a sterilized NALGENE coatedmagnetic stir bar on a magnetic stirring hot plate while being dispensedin aliquots of 200 microliters into each well of FALCON 96-well roundbottom microtiter plates. The diet in the plates was allowed to solidifyand air dry in a sterile biohood for about ten minutes.

Thirty (30) microliter volumes of test samples containing either controlreagents or double stranded RNA in varying quantities was overlayed ontothe surface of the insect diet in each well using a micro-pipettorrepeater. Insect diet was allowed to stand in a sterile biohood for upto one half hour after application of test samples to allow the reagentsto diffuse into the diet and to allow the surface of the diet to dry.One WCR neonate larva was deposited to each well with a fine paintbrush.Plates were then sealed with MYLAR and ventilated using an insect pin.12-72 insect larvae were tested per dose depending on the design of theassay. The bioassay plates were incubated at 27 C, 60% relative humidityin complete darkness for 12-14 days. The number of surviving larvae perdose was recorded at the 12-14 day time point. Larval mass wasdetermined using a suitable microbalance for each surviving larva. Datawas analyzed using JMP®4 statistical software (SAS Institute, 1995) anda full factorial ANOVA was conducted with a Dunnet's tet to look fortreatment effects compared to the untreated control (P<0.05). ATukey-Kramer post hoc test was performed to compare all pairs of thetreatments (P<0.05).

The following nucleotide sequences were derived first as cDNA sequencesidentified in a corn rootworm mid-gut cDNA library (Andersen et al.,ibid), and were adapted for use in constructing double stranded RNAmolecules for use in testing the efficacy of inhibiting a biologicalfunction in a pest by feeding double stranded RNA molecules in the dietof the pest.

A Chd3 Homologous Sequence

CHD genes have been identified in numerous eukaryotes, and thecorresponding proteins are proposed to function as chromatin-remodelingfactors. The term CHD is derived from the three domains of sequencehomology found in CHD proteins: a chromo (chromatin organizationmodifier) domain, a SNF2-related helicase/ATPase domain, and aDNA-binding domain, each of which is believed to confer a distinctchromatin-related activity. CHD proteins are separated into twocategories based on the presence or absence of another domain ofsequence homology, a PHD zinc finger domain, typically associated withchromatin related activity. CHD3 related proteins possess a PHD zincfinger domain, but CHD1 related proteins do not. Experimentalobservations have suggested a role for CHD3 proteins in repression oftranscription, and in some species have been shown to be a component ofa complex that contains histone deacetylase as a subunit. Deacetylationof histones is correlated with transcriptional inactivation, and so CHD3proteins have been implicated to function as repressors of transcriptionby virtue of being a component of a histone deacetylase complex (Ogas etal., 1999, PNAS 96:13839-13844). Thus, suppression of CHD3 proteinsynthesis may be a useful target for double stranded RNA mediatedinhibition of invertebrate pests.

SEQ ID NO:40607 corresponds to a CRW midgut cDNA nucleotide sequence,the amino acid sequence translation of which was annotated to behomologous to a Drosophila melanogaster CHD3 amino acid sequence(GenBank accession No. AF007780). SEQ ID NO:40608 and SEQ ID NO:40609correspond respectively to forward and reverse genome amplificationprimers (i.e., a primer pair) for use in producing an amplicon from CRWgenomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, or from a cDNA produced from suchpools. The sequence of such an amplicon corresponds to a part of a CRWgene encoding a homolog of a D. melanogaster CHD3 amino acid sequence.SEQ ID NO:40608 contains a T7 polymerase promoter sequence at its 5′ end(nucleotides 1-23) linked to a CRW genome primer sequence (arbitrarilyassigned as the forward primer sequence) depicted as set forth at SEQ IDNO:40608 from nucleotide position 24-45, which corresponds to nucleotideposition 31 through nucleotide position 52 as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40607. SEQ ID NO:40609 contains a T7 polymerase promoter sequence atits 5′ end as set forth from nucleotide position 1-23. The T7 promotersequence is linked at its 3′ end to an arbitrarily assigned reversegenome primer sequence corresponding to nucleotide position 24-44 as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40609, the reverse complement of the sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40607 from nucleotide position 298-319. Using theprimer pair consisting of SEQ ID NO:40608 and SEQ ID NO:40609 in anamplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, a 335 basepair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40610 is produced, corresponding to a part of the CRW genome thatencodes a protein exhibiting about 66% identity to a Drosophilamelanogaster CHD3 amino acid sequence. Nucleotides at position 1-23 andthe reverse complement of nucleotides at position 314-335 as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40610 correspond to the T7 promoter sequences at either endof the amplicon. The amplified genomic nucleotide sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40610 from nucleotide 24 through nucleotide 313 correspondssubstantially to the reported cDNA nucleotide sequence as set forth atSEQ ID NO:40607 from nucleotide 31 through nucleotide 319, except thatnucleotides at positions 63, 87, 117, 177, 198, 213, 219-220, 246, 249,and 261 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40607 were reported to be T, T, G, G,G, T, T, T, C, C, and A respectively while the corresponding positionsin alignment with SEQ ID NO:40610 contained C, C, A, A, A, C, A, C, G A,and G at nucleotide positions 56, 80, 110, 170, 191, 206, 212-213, 239,242, and 254. This difference corresponds to about a 4% difference inthe nucleotide sequence composition between the previously reported cDNAsequence and the sequence of the amplicon produced from genome DNAtemplate, consistent with the earlier report that the cDNA sequence waslikely less than 99% accurate (Andersen et al., ibid.).

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40610 wascloned into a plasmid vector capable of replication in E. coli andsufficient amounts of plasmid DNA was recovered to allow for in vitro T7RNA polymerase transcription from the embedded convergent T7 promotersat either end of the cloned fragment. Double stranded RNA was producedand subjected to bioassay; one RNA segment consisting of the sequence asset forth in SEQ ID NO:40610 from about nucleotide position 24 at leastthrough about nucleotide position 313 except that a uridine residue ispresent at each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40610, the other RNA segment being substantially the reversecomplement of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40610from about nucleotide position 313 at least through about nucleotideposition 24, uridines appropriately positioned in place of thymidines. Asample of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or withRNAse III to produce sufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's(siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA wereoverlayed onto CRW diet bioassay as described above and larvae wereallowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNAcorresponding to all or a part of the sequence as set forth at SEQ IDNO:40607 exhibited significant growth inhibition and mortality comparedto controls.

Other nucleotide sequences derived from CRW were also tested in bioassayin parallel with the CHD3 sequences including nucleotide sequencesannotated to likely encode CRW equivalents of proteins such asbeta-tubulin protein, 40 kDa V-ATPase subunit protein, elongation factorproteins EF1α and EF1α 48D, 26S proteosome subunit p28 protein, juvenilehormone epoxide hydrolase protein, swelling dependent chloride channelprotein, glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase protein, actin 42A protein,ADP-ribosylation factor 1 protein, transcription factor IIB, chitinaseproteins, and a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme.

A Beta-Tubulin Homologous Sequence

Tubulin proteins are important structural components of many cellularstructures in all eukaryote cells and principally in the formation ofmicrotubules. Inhibition of microtubule formation in cells results incatastrophic effects including interference with the formation ofmitotic spindles, blockage of cell division, and the like. Therefore,suppression of tubulin protein formation may be a useful target fordouble stranded RNA mediated inhibition.

A beta-tubulin related sequence derived from CRW was identified for usein the present invention. SEQ ID NO:40621 corresponds to a CRW midgutcDNA nucleotide sequence, the amino acid sequence translation of whichwas annotated to be homologous in part to a Manduca sexta beta-1-tubulinamino acid sequence and in part to a Drosophila melanogasterbeta-1-tubulin amino acid sequence (GenBank accession No.'s AF030547 andM20419 respectively). SEQ ID NO:40622 and SEQ ID NO:40623 correspondrespectively to forward and reverse genome amplification primers (i.e.,a primer pair) for use in producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA,from CRW mRNA pools, or from a cDNA produced from such pools. Thesequence of such an amplicon corresponds to all or a part of a CRW geneencoding a beta-tubulin protein. SEQ ID NO:40622 and SEQ ID NO:40623each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotidepositions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-44 as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40622 correspond to nucleotides 96-116 as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40621. Nucleotides 24-44 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40623 correspondto the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40621 from nucleotides 428-448. Using the primer pair consisting ofSEQ ID NO:40622 and SEQ ID NO:40623 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA as a template, a 399 base pair amplicon comprising thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40624 is produced,corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding aprotein exhibiting substantial identity to a beta-tubulin proteinhomolog present in Drosophila melanogaster and Manduca sexta. Thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40624 correspondssubstantially to the nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40621from nucleotides 96-448. No sequence differences were observed betweenthe genome amplicon sequence and the corresponding sequence within thecDNA sequence.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40624 wascloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNA wasrecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA was produced and a sample was subjected to bioassay;one RNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40624 from about nucleotide position 24 at leastthrough about nucleotide position 376 except that a uridine residue ispresent at each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40624, the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sense strand,being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence asset forth in SEQ ID NO:40624 from about nucleotide position 376 at leastthrough about nucleotide position 24, uridines appropriately positionedin place of thymidines. A sample of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) wastreated with DICER or with RNAse III to produce sufficient quantities ofsmall interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts permillion siRNA or dsRNA were overlayed onto CRW diet bioassay asdescribed above and larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvaefeeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or a part of thesequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40621 exhibited significant growthinhibition and mortality compared to controls.

A 40 kDa V-ATPase Homologous Sequence

Energy metabolism within subcellular organelles in eukaryotic systems isan essential function. Vacuolar ATP synthases are involved inmaintaining sufficient levels of ATP within vacuoles. Therefore,vacuolar ATP synthases may be a useful target for double stranded RNAmediated inhibition.

A nucleotide sequence encoding a protein that displayed similarity to a40 kDa V-ATPase was derived from CRW. An amino acid sequence translationof SEQ ID NO:40635 exhibited homology to a Manduca sexta 40-kDa V-ATPasesubunit amino acid sequence (GenBank accession No. X98825). SEQ IDNO:40636 and SEQ ID NO:40637 correspond respectively to forward andreverse genome amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for use inproducing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or a CRWcDNA derived from such pools. The sequence of such an amplicon shouldcorrespond to all or a part of a CRW gene encoding a 40 kDa V-ATPasehomologous protein. However, the nucleotide sequence of an ampliconderived using CRW genomic DNA as template was inconsistent with thereported cDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40635.

SEQ ID NO:40636 and SEQ ID NO:40637 represent thermal amplificationprimers. Each primer contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence fromnucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-40 as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40636 correspond to nucleotides 95-111 as set forth in SEQID NO:40635. Nucleotides 24-43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40637correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40635 from nucleotides 362-381. Using the primer pair consistingof SEQ ID NO:40636 and SEQ ID NO:40637 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA template, a 291 base pair amplicon comprising thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40638 is produced. SEQ IDNO:40638 from nucleotide 24 through nucleotide 268 exhibited only about50% homology to the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40635based on a Martinez/Needleman-Wunsch DNA alignment. The ampliconsequence derived using the selected thermal amplification primer pairwas inconsistent with the reported sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40635. Preferably, an amplicon is produced using a CRW mRNA pool or acDNA derived from such pool.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40635from about nucleotide position 95 through about nucleotide position 381was produced and cloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts ofplasmid DNA were recovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerasetranscription from the embedded convergent T7 promoters at either end ofthe cloned amplicon. Double stranded RNA was produced and a samplesubjected to bioassay; one RNA segment, the sense strand, consisting ofthe sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40635 from about nucleotideposition 95 at least through about nucleotide position 381 except that auridine residue is present at each position in which a thymidine residueis shown in SEQ ID NO:40635, and the reverse complement RNA segment, orthe anti-sense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40635 from aboutnucleotide position 381 at least through about nucleotide position 95,uridines appropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample ofdouble stranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or with RNAse III toproduce sufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA).Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA were overlayedonto CRW diet bioassay as described above and larvae were allowed tofeed for 13 days. CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNAcorresponding to all or a part of the sequence as set forth at SEQ IDNO:40635 exhibited significant growth inhibition and mortality comparedto controls.

A EF1α Homologous Sequence

Transcription elongation and transcription termination factors areessential to metabolism and may be advantageous targets for doublestranded RNA mediated inhibition.

At least two CRW cDNA sequences were identified for use in the presentinvention that were predicted to encode elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α)homologs.

The amino acid sequence translation of a singleton CRW cDNA sequence asset forth in SEQ ID NO:40639 exhibited homology to a Drosophilamelanogaster EF-1-alpha amino acid sequence (GenBank Accession No.X06870). Other sequences predicted to encode EF1α homologous proteinswere also identified from within the CRW cDNA midgut library. Thesesequences were aligned to produce a UNIGENE sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40643 which was predicted to encode an EF1α protein homologreferred to herein as 48D. Several of the sequences comprised withinthis singleton were predicted to encode amino acid sequences exhibitinghomology to various EF1α homologous protein sequences including but notlimited to a Bombyx mori EF1α (GenBank Accession No. D13338), a Alterniaspecies EF1α (GenBank Accession No. X03704), a Spragueia leo EF1α(GenBank Accession No. U85680), a Apis mellifera EF1α (GenBank AccessionNo. AF015267), a Anisakis simplex EF1α (GenBank Accession No. AJ250539),a Papaipema species EF1α (GenBank Accession No. AF151628), a Ephedruspersicae EF1α (GenBank Accession No. Z83663), a Papilio garamas EF1α(GenBank Accession No. AF044833), a Alysia lucicola EF1α (GenBankAccession No. Z83667), a Bracon species EF1α (GenBank Accession No.Z83669), a Histeromerus mystacinus EF1α (GenBank Accession No. Z83666),and a Caenorhabditis elegans EF1α (GenBank Accession No. U41534).

One CRW cDNA sequence predicted to encode a part of an EF1α homolog isreferred to herein as the B2 sequence and is set forth at SEQ IDNO:40639. SEQ ID NO:40640 and SEQ ID NO:40641 correspond respectively toforward and reverse genome amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair,with reference to corresponding or reverse complement sequences as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40639) for use in producing an amplicon from CRWgenomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or from a cDNA derived from such mRNApools. The sequence of such an amplicon should correspond to all or apart of a CRW gene encoding an EF1α homologous protein. However, thenucleotide sequence of an amplicon derived when CRW genomic DNA was usedas template was inconsistent with the reported cDNA sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40639.

SEQ ID NO:40640 and SEQ ID NO:40641 represent sequences for thermalamplification primers. Each primer contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promotersequence from nucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-44as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40640 correspond to nucleotides 8-29 as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40639. Nucleotides 24-42 as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40641 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40639 from nucleotides 310-328. Using the primer pairconsisting of SEQ ID NO:40640 and SEQ ID NO:40641 in an amplificationreaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, a 933 base pair ampliconcomprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40642 wasproduced. The nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40642 wasinconsistent with the nucleotide sequence from nucleotide position 8through nucleotide position 328 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40639.Preferably an amplicon is produced using a CRW mRNA pool or a cDNAderived from such pool, such as for example, SEQ ID NO:40639.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40639from about nucleotide position 8 through about nucleotide position 328was produced using CRW mRNA pools or cDNA prepared from such pools, andcloned into a plasmid vector. Sufficient amounts of plasmid DNA wererecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA was produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40639 from about nucleotide position 8 at least throughabout nucleotide position 328 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40639, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40639 from about nucleotide position328 at least through about nucleotide position 8, uridines appropriatelypositioned in place of thymidines. A sample of double stranded RNA(dsRNA) was treated with DICER or with RNAse III to produce sufficientquantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15parts per million siRNA or dsRNA were overlayed onto CRW diet bioassayas described above and larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRWlarvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or a partof the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40639 exhibited significantgrowth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

The sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40643 was used to design a primerpair for use in amplifying a CRW genomic DNA sequence encoding a EF1α48D homologous protein sequence. SEQ ID NO:40644 and SEQ ID NO:40645correspond respectively to forward and reverse genome amplificationprimers (i.e., a primer pair). SEQ ID NO:40644 and SEQ ID NO:40645 eachcontain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotide positions1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-41 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40644correspond to nucleotides 61-79 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40643.Nucleotides 24-45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40645 correspond to thereverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40643 fromnucleotides 562-583. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID NO:40644and SEQ ID NO:40645 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA asa template, a 569 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequenceas set forth in SEQ ID NO:40646 is produced, corresponding substantiallyto a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein exhibiting substantialidentity to a EF1α protein also present in Drosophila melanogaster. Thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40646 from aboutnucleotide 24 through about nucleotide 546 corresponds substantially tothe nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40643 from aboutnucleotides 61-583. No sequence differences were observed between thegenome amplicon sequence and the corresponding sequence within the cDNAsequence.

The amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40646was cloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNAwas recovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription fromthe embedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the clonedamplicon. Double stranded RNA was produced and a sample was subjected tobioassay; one RNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequenceas set forth in SEQ ID NO:40646 from about nucleotide position 24 atleast through about nucleotide position 546 except that a uridineresidue is present at each position in which a thymidine residue isshown in SEQ ID NO:40646, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or theanti-sense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40646 from aboutnucleotide position 546 at least through about nucleotide position 24,uridines appropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample ofdouble stranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or with RNAse III toproduce sufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA).Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA were overlayedonto CRW diet bioassay as described above and larvae were allowed tofeed for 13 days. CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNAcorresponding to all or a part of the sequence as set forth at SEQ IDNO:40646 exhibited significant growth inhibition and mortality comparedto controls.

A 26S Proteosome Subunit p28 Homologous Sequence

The 26S proteasome is a large, ATP-dependent, multi-subunit proteasethat is highly conserved in all eukaryotes. It has a general function inthe selective removal of various short-lived proteins that are firstcovalently linked to ubiquitin and then subsequently degraded by the 26Sproteasome complex. The ubiquitin pathway plays an important role in thecontrol of the cell cycle by the specific degradation of a number ofregulatory proteins including mitotic cyclins and inhibitors ofcyclin-dependent kinases such as p27 of mammalian cells. Thus, thesuppression of 26S proteasome synthesis and suppression of synthesis ofits component subunits may be preferred targets for double stranded RNAmediated inhibition. (Smith et al., Plant Phys. 1997, 113:281-291).

A cDNA sequence derived from a CRW mid-gut library was identified asbeing partially homologous to a 26S proteosome subunit amino acidsequence and was used in the present invention. SEQ ID NO:40647corresponds substantially to a CRW midgut cDNA nucleotide sequence. Anamino acid sequence translation of SEQ ID NO:40647 exhibited homology toa 26S proteasome subunit p28 protein (GenBank Accession No. AB009619).SEQ ID NO:40648 and SEQ ID NO:40649 correspond respectively to forwardand reverse genome amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for usein producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, andfrom cDNA produced from such pools. An amplicon produced in this wayshould exhibit a sequence that encodes all or a part of a CRW geneencoding a homolog of a 26S proteosome subunit protein. SEQ ID NO:40648and SEQ ID NO:40649 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequencefrom nucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-46 as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40648 correspond to nucleotides 130-152 as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40637. Nucleotides 24-41 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40649correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40647 from nucleotides 423-440. Using the primer pair consistingof SEQ ID NO:40647 and SEQ ID NO:40649 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA as a template, a 1113 base pair amplicon comprising thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40650 was produced. Thesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40650 did not correspond to thesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40647, and therefore was inconsistentwith the reported cDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40647. It ispreferred that an amplicon is produced using a CRW mRNA pool or a cDNAderived from such pool.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40647from about nucleotide 130 through about nucleotide 440 was produced andcloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNA wererecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA was produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40647 from about nucleotide position 130 at least throughabout nucleotide position 440 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40647, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40647 from about nucleotide position440 at least through about nucleotide position 110, uridinesappropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or with RNAse III to producesufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samplescontaining 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA were overlayed onto CRWdiet bioassay as described above and larvae were allowed to feed for 13days. CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to allor a part of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40647 exhibitedsignificant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

A Juvenile Hormone Epoxide Hydrolase Homologous Sequence

Insect juvenile hormone controls and regulates a variety of necessarybiological processes within the insect life cycle including but notnecessarily limited to metamorphosis, reproduction, and diapause.Juvenile hormone (JH) concentrations are required to peak at appropriatetimes within the haemolymph of the larval form of an insect pest, inparticular lepidopteran and coleopteran larvae, and then must bedegraded in order to terminate the effects of the hormone response.Enzymes involved in decreasing the concentration of juvenile hormone areeffective through two primary pathways of metabolic degradation. Onepathway involves juvenile hormone esterse (JHE), which hydrolyzes themethyl ester providing the corresponding acid. The second pathwayutilizes juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) to achieve hydrolysisof the epoxide, resulting in formation of the diol. The contribution ofJHE in the degradation of JH is well understood and has been found to beinvariate between the lepidoptera and coleoptera species. Inhibition ofJH esterase has been associated with severe morphological changesincluding but not limited to larval wandering, deferred pupation, anddevelopment of malformed intermediates. In contrast, the contribution ofJHEH in JH metabolism is less well understood and had been shown to varybetween the species, but recent studies point to evidence that suggeststhat JHEH may be the primary route of metabolism of JH (Brandon J.Fetterolf, Doctoral Dissertation, North Carolina State University (Feb.10, 2002) Synthesis and Analysis of Mechanism Based Inhibitors ofJuvenile Hormone Epoxide Hydrolase from Insect Trichoplusia ni). In anyevent, disruption of either JH degradation pathway using genesuppression technology could be an effective target for double strandedRNA mediated pest inhibition.

An insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase homologous sequence derivedfrom CRW was identified for use in the present invention. SEQ IDNO:40651 corresponds substantially to a CRW midgut cDNA nucleotidesequence. An amino acid sequence translation of SEQ ID NO:40651predicted homology to a juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) inManduca Sexta (GenBank Accession No. U46682). SEQ ID NO:40652 and SEQ IDNO:40653 correspond respectively to forward and reverse amplificationprimers (i.e., a primer pair) for use in producing an amplicon from CRWgenomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or a CRW cDNA derived from such pools. Thesequence of such an amplicon should correspond to all or a part of a CRWgene encoding a JHEH homologous protein. SEQ ID NO:40652 and SEQ IDNO:40653 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence fromnucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-42 as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40652 correspond to nucleotides 7-26 as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40651. Nucleotides 24-44 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40653 correspondto the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40651 from nucleotides 360-380. Using the primer pair consisting ofSEQ ID NO:40652 and SEQ ID NO:40653 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA as a template, a 95 base pair amplicon comprising thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40655 was produced. Theamplicon sequence did not correspond to the cDNA sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40651. Preferably, an amplicon is produced using a CRW mRNApool or a cDNA derived from such pool as the template nucleotidesequence in the amplification reaction.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40651 iscloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNA arerecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample is subjected to bioassay;one RNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40651 from about nucleotide position 7 at leastthrough about nucleotide position 380 except that a uridine residue ispresent at each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40651, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40651 from about nucleotide position380 at least through about nucleotide position 7, uridines appropriatelypositioned in place of thymidines. A sample of double stranded RNA(dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to produce sufficientquantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRW diet bioassay asdescribed above and larvae are allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvaefeeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or a part of thesequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40651 exhibit significant growthinhibition and mortality compared to controls.

A Swelling Dependent Chloride Channel Protein Homologous Sequence

Swelling dependent chloride channel proteins have been postulated toplay a critical role in osmoregulation in eukaryotic animal cellsystems. Therefore, a nucleotide sequence exhibiting the ability toexpress an amino acid sequence that exhibits homology to previouslyidentified swelling dependent chloride channel proteins may be a usefultarget for RNA inhibition in a pest.

A swelling dependent chloride channel (SDCC) amino acid sequence homologwas deduced from a CRW cDNA library and used in the present invention.SEQ ID NO:40656 corresponds substantially to a CRW midgut cDNAnucleotide sequence. The amino acid sequence translation of SEQ IDNO:40656 was determined to be homologous to a SDCC protein in the zebrafish Danio rerio (GenBank Accession No. Y08484). SEQ ID NO:40657 and SEQID NO:40658SEQ ID NO:40658 correspond respectively to forward andreverse thermal amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for use inproducing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, or fromcDNA derived from such pools. The sequence of such an amplicon shouldcorrespond to all or a part of a CRW gene encoding a SDCC homologousprotein. SEQ ID NO:40657 and SEQ ID NO:40658 each contain a 23nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotide positions 1-23respectively. Nucleotides 24-43 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40657correspond to nucleotides 78-97 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40656.Nucleotides 24-41 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40658. SEQ ID NO:40658correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40656 from nucleotides 332-349. Using the primer pair consistingof SEQ ID NO:40657 and SEQ ID NO:40658 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA as a template, a 318 base pair amplicon comprising thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40659 is produced,corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding aprotein exhibiting substantial identity to a SDCC protein. Thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40659 from aboutnucleotide 24 through about nucleotide 295 corresponds substantially tothe nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40656 from nucleotides78-349.

The amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40659 iscloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNA arerecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40659 from about nucleotide position 24 at least throughabout nucleotide position 295 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40659, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40659 from about nucleotide position295 at least through about nucleotide position 24, uridinesappropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to producesufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samplescontaining 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRWdiet bioassay as described above and larvae allowed to feed for 13 days.CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or apart of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40659 exhibit significantgrowth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

A Glucose-6-Phosphate 1-Dehydrogenase Protein Homologous Sequence

Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase protein (G6PD) catalyzes theoxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate whileconcomitantly reducing the oxidized form of nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) to NADPH. NADPH is known in the art as arequired cofactor in many eukaryotic biosynthetic reactions, and isknown to maintain glutathione in its reduced form. Reduced glutathioneacts as a scavenger for dangerous oxidative metabolites in eukaryoticcells, and with the assistance of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase,convert harmful hydrogen peroxide to water (Beutler et al., 1991, N.Engl. J. Med. 324:169-174). Therefore, G6PD may be a preferable targetfor double stranded RNA mediated inhibition in an invertebrate pest.

A glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase protein (G6PD) homologous aminoacid sequence was deduced from a CRW cDNA library and used in thepresent invention. SEQ ID NO:40660 corresponds substantially to a CRWmidgut cDNA nucleotide sequence. The amino acid sequence translation ofSEQ ID NO:40660 was determined to exhibit homology to a G6PD protein ina ray-finned fish species (GenBank Accession No. U72484). SEQ IDNO:40661 and SEQ ID NO:40662 correspond respectively to forward andreverse genome amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for use inproducing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, or fromcDNA derived from such pools. The sequence of such an amplicon shouldcorrespond to all or a part of a CRW gene encoding a G6PD homologousprotein. SEQ ID NO:40661 and SEQ ID NO:40662 each contain a 23nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotide positions 1-23respectively. Nucleotides 24-46 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40661correspond to nucleotides 113-136 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40660.Nucleotides 24-45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40662 correspond to thereverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40660 fromnucleotides 373-394. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID NO:40661and SEQ ID NO:40662 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA asa template, a 328 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequenceas set forth in SEQ ID NO:40663 is produced, corresponding substantiallyto a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein exhibiting homology to aG6PD protein. The nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40663from about nucleotide 24 through about nucleotide 305 correspondssubstantially to the nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40660from nucleotides 113-394.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40663 iscloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNA arerecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40663 from about nucleotide position 24 at least throughabout nucleotide position 305 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40663, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40663 from about nucleotide position305 at least through about nucleotide position 24, uridinesappropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to producesufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samplescontaining 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRWdiet bioassay as described above and larvae allowed to feed for 13 days.CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or apart of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40663 exhibit significantgrowth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

An Act42A Protein Homologous Sequence

Actin is a ubiquitous and highly conserved eukaryotic protein requiredfor cell motility and locomotion (Lovato et al., 2001, Insect Mol. Biol.20:333-340). A number of CRW cDNA sequences were identified that werepredicted to likely encode actin or proteins exhibiting amino acidsequence structure related to actin proteins. Therefore, genes encodingactin homologues in a pest cell may be useful targets for doublestranded RNA mediated inhibition.

One UNIGENE cluster identified within a corn rootworm midgut cDNAlibrary (Cluster 156_(—)1) consisted of several singleton EST sequencesthat were each predicted to encode all or part of actin homologousproteins. Upon alignment of these singletons into the cluster, aconsensus sequence was derived as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40664 that waspredicted to encode an actin protein homolog. Homologous actin proteinsequences within the annotation group included but were not limited toDrosophila melanogaster actin 3 fragments, a Helicoverpa armigeracytoplasmin actin A3a (GenBank Accession No. X97614), a Drosophilamelanogaster actin (GenBank Accession No. X06383), a hemichordateSaccoglossus kowalevskii actin messenger RNA sequence, and aStrongylocentrotus purpuratus actin (GenBank Accession No. X05739).

SEQ ID NO:40665 and SEQ ID NO:40666 correspond respectively to forwardand reverse genome amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for usein producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or from acDNA derived from such pools. The sequence of such an amplicon shouldcorrespond to all or a part of a CRW gene encoding an actin homologousprotein. SEQ ID NO:40665 and SEQ ID NO:40666 each contain a 23nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotide positions 1-23respectively. Nucleotides 24-45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40665correspond to nucleotides 14-35 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40664.Nucleotides 24-45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40666 correspond to thereverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40664 fromnucleotides 449-470. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID NO:40665and SEQ ID NO:40666 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA asa template, a 503 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequenceas set forth in SEQ ID NO:40667 is produced, corresponding substantiallyto a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein exhibiting homology to anactin protein. The nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40667from about nucleotide 24 through about nucleotide 480 correspondssubstantially to the nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40664from nucleotides 14-470.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40667 iscloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNArecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40667 from about nucleotide position 24 at least throughabout nucleotide position 480 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40667, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40667 from about nucleotide position480 at least through about nucleotide position 24, uridinesappropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to producesufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samplescontaining 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRWdiet bioassay as described above and larvae allowed to feed for 13 days.CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or apart of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40667 exhibit significantgrowth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

A ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 Homologous Sequence

ADP ribosylation factors have been demonstrated to be essential in cellfunction in that they play integral roles in the processes of DNA damagerepair, carcinogenesis, cell death, and genomic stability. Thus, itwould be useful to be able to selectively disrupt transcription ofADP-ribosylation factors in invertebrate pest species using doublestranded RNA mediated inhibition.

A number of CRW cDNA sequences were identified that were predicted toencode amino acid sequences exhibiting homology to ADP-ribosylationfactor proteins. One UNIGENE cluster in particular (Cluster 88_(—)1) wascomposed of about thirty (30) EST singletons that were each predicted toencode all or part of actin homologous proteins. Upon alignment of thesesingletons into the cluster, a consensus sequence was derived as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40668. An amino acid sequence translation of thesingleton CRW cDNA sequence comprising this cluster predicted an aminoacid sequence exhibiting homology to ADP-ribosylation factor homologs.ADP-ribosylation factor protein sequences exhibiting significanthomology to the deduced amino acid sequence from the ORF within SEQ IDNO:40668 included but were not limited to a Drosophila melanogasterADP-ribosylation factor (GenBank Accession No. Y10618), a Drosophilaobscura ADP-ribosylation factor (GenBank Accession No. AF025798), aAnopheles gambiae ADP-ribosylation factor (GenBank Accession No.L11617), and a Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina)ADP-ribosylation factor (GenBank Accession No. AF218587).

SEQ ID NO:40669 and SEQ ID NO:40670 correspond respectively to forwardand reverse amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for use inproducing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or from cDNAsequences derived from such pools. The sequence of such an ampliconshould correspond to all or a part of a CRW gene encoding anADP-ribosylation factor homologous protein. SEQ ID NO:40669 and SEQ IDNO:40670 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence fromnucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-42 as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40669 correspond to nucleotides 70-88 as set forth in SEQID NO:40668. Nucleotides 24-40 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40670correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40668 from nucleotides 352-368. Using the primer pair consistingof SEQ ID NO:40669 and SEQ ID NO:40670 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA as a template, a 345 base pair amplicon comprising thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40671 is produced,corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding aprotein exhibiting homology to an ADP-ribosylation factor protein. Thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40671 from aboutnucleotide 24 through about nucleotide 322 corresponds substantially tothe nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40668 from nucleotides70-368.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40671 iscloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNArecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40671 from about nucleotide position 24 at least throughabout nucleotide position 322 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40671, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40671, from about nucleotide position322 at least through about nucleotide position 24, uridinesappropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to producesufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samplescontaining 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRWdiet bioassay as described above and larvae allowed to feed for 13 days.CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or apart of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40671 exhibit significantgrowth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

A Transcription Factor IIB Protein Homologous Sequence

Transcription elongation and transcription termination factors, asindicated above, are essential to metabolism and may be advantageoustargets for double stranded RNA mediated inhibition to control oreliminate invertebrate pest infestation.

A CRW cDNA sequence was identified that was predicted to encode an aminoacid sequence exhibiting homology to a transcription factor IIB protein.SEQ ID NO:40672 served as the basis for constructing a primer pair foruse in amplifying a sequence from within the CRW genome encoding themRNA that formed the basis for this cDNA sequence.

SEQ ID NO:40673 and SEQ ID NO:40674 correspond respectively to forwardand reverse thermal amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for usein producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, orfrom cDNA derived from such pools. The sequence of such an ampliconshould correspond to all or a part of a CRW gene encoding atranscription factor IIB homologous protein. SEQ ID NO:40673 and SEQ IDNO:40674 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence fromnucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-44 as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40673 correspond to nucleotides 4-24 as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40672. Nucleotides 24-44 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40674 correspondto the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40672 from nucleotides 409-429. Using the primer pair consisting ofSEQ ID NO:40673 and SEQ ID NO:40674 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA as a template, a 472 base pair amplicon comprising thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40675 is produced,corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding aprotein exhibiting homology to a transcription factor IIB protein. Thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40675 from aboutnucleotide 24 through about nucleotide 449 corresponds substantially tothe nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40672 from nucleotides4-429.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40675 iscloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNArecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40675 from about nucleotide position 24 at least throughabout nucleotide position 449 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40675, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40675, from about nucleotide position449 at least through about nucleotide position 24, uridinesappropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to producesufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samplescontaining 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRWdiet bioassay as described above and larvae allowed to feed for 13 days.CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or apart of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40675 exhibit significantgrowth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

Chitinase Homologous Sequences

Chitin is a β(1→4)homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine and is found ininsect exoskeletons. Chitin is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in areaction catalyzed by chitin synthase. Chitin is a structuralhomopolymer polysaccharide, and there are many enzymatic steps involvedin the construction of this highly branched and cross-linked structure.Chitin gives shape, rigidity and support to insects and provides ascaffolding to which internal organs such as muscles are attached.Chitin must also be degraded to some extent to mediate the stepsinvolved in the insect molting process. Therefore, it is believed thatdouble stranded RNA mediated inhibition of proteins in these pathwayswould be useful as a means for controlling invertebrate pestinfestation.

Amino acid sequence information was identified from translation of cornrootworm midgut cDNA library sequences that exhibited homology tochitinase proteins. One chitinase consensus sequence (UNIGENE ClusterNo. 716_(—)1; SEQ ID NO:40676) was generated from the alignment of twosingleton EST sequences. A second chitinase consensus sequence (UNIGENECluster No. 1238_(—)1; SEQ ID NO:40680) was generated from the alignmentof four singleton sequences. Amino acid sequence translations derivedfrom ORF's within these UNIGENE's were annotated to a mustard beetle(Phaedon cochleariae) chitinase amino acid sequence (GenBank AccessionNo. Y18011). SEQ ID NO:40676 and SEQ ID NO:40680 served as the basis forconstructing primer pairs for use in amplifying two sequences fromwithin the CRW genome, from CRW mRNA pools, or from cDNA sequencesderived from such mRNA pools. The nucleotide sequence of such ampliconsshould correspond to all or a part of a gene encoding a chitinasehomologous protein.

SEQ ID NO:40677 and SEQ ID NO:40678 correspond respectively to forwardand reverse thermal amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for usein producing an amplicon from nucleotide sequences derived from a cornrootworm. The sequence of such an amplicon should correspond to all or apart of a CRW gene as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40676 encoding a chitinasehomologous protein. SEQ ID NO:40677 and SEQ ID NO:40678 each contain a23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotide positions 1-23respectively. Nucleotides 24-42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40677correspond to nucleotides 1-19 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40676.Nucleotides 24-47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40678 correspond to thereverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40676 fromnucleotides 470-493. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID NO:40677and SEQ ID NO:40678 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA asa template, a 472 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequenceas set forth in SEQ ID NO:40679 is produced, corresponding substantiallyto a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein exhibiting homology to achitinase protein. The nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40679 from about nucleotide 24 through about nucleotide 516corresponds substantially to the nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQID NO:40679 from nucleotides 1-493.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40679 iscloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNArecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40679 from about nucleotide position 24 at least throughabout nucleotide position 516 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40679, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40679, from about nucleotide position516 at least through about nucleotide position 24, uridinesappropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to producesufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samplescontaining 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRWdiet bioassay as described above and larvae allowed to feed for 13 days.CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or apart of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40679 exhibit significantgrowth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

SEQ ID NO:40681 and SEQ ID NO:40682 correspond respectively to forwardand reverse genome amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for usein producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or fromcDNA sequences derived from such mRNA pools. The sequence of such anamplicon should correspond to all or a part of a CRW gene as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40680 encoding a chitinase homologous protein. SEQ IDNO:40681 and SEQ ID NO:40682 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promotersequence from nucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-44as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40681 correspond to nucleotides 64-84 as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40680. Nucleotides 24-44 as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40682 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40680 from nucleotides 779-799. Using the primer pairconsisting of SEQ ID NO:40681 and SEQ ID NO:40682 in an amplificationreaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, a 912 base pair ampliconcomprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40683 wasproduced. An alignment of the cDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40680 and the amplicon sequence revealed that there was substantialdissimilarity between the two sequences, resulting only in an about 32%sequence identity. Preferably, an amplicon is produced using primerpairs such as these as set forth at SEQ ID NO:'s 40681 and 40682 andmRNA or cDNA as template in order to avoid such inconsistencies.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding substantially to SEQID NO:40680 is cloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts ofplasmid DNA are recovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerasetranscription from the embedded convergent T7 promoters at either end ofthe cloned amplicon. Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample issubjected to bioassay; one RNA segment, the sense strand, consisting ofthe sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40680 from about nucleotideposition 64 at least through about nucleotide position 799 except that auridine residue is present at each position in which a thymidine residueis shown in SEQ ID NO:40680, and the reverse complement RNA segment, orthe anti-sense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40680, from aboutnucleotide position 799 at least through about nucleotide position 64,uridines appropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample ofdouble stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III toproduce sufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA).Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayedonto CRW diet bioassay as described above and larvae are allowed to feedfor 13 days. CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA correspondingto allor a part of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40680 exhibitsignificant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

A Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme Homologous Sequence

The ubiquitin pathway plays an important role in the control of the cellcycle by the specific degradation of a number of regulatory proteinsincluding mitotic cyclins and inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinasessuch as p27 of mammalian cells. Thus, genes encoding ubiquitin andassociated components may be a preferred target for double stranded RNAmediated inhibition. (Smith et al., Plant Phys. 1997, 113:281-291). Theubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway is one of the major routes bywhich intracellular proteins are selectively destroyed in eukaryotes.Conjugation of ubiquitin to substrate proteins is mediated by aremarkably diverse array of enzymes. Proteolytic targeting may also beregulated at steps between ubiquitination of the substrate and itsdegradation to peptides by the multi-subunit 26S protease. Thecomplexity of the ubiquitin system suggests a central role for proteinturnover in eukaryotic cell regulation, and implicates other proteins inthe pathway including ubiquitin-activating enzyme, ubiquitin-conjugatingenzyme, ubiquitin-protein ligase, and 26S proteasome subunit components.Therefore, it is believed that double stranded RNA mediated inhibitionof proteins in this pathway would be useful as a means for controllinginvertebrate pest infestation.

A CRW cDNA library sequence was identified that was predicted to encodean amino acid sequence exhibiting homology to a ubiquitin conjugatingenzyme. SEQ ID NO:40684 served as the basis for constructing a primerpair for use in producing an amplicon comprising all or a part of aubiquitin conjugating enzyme from corn rootworm.

SEQ ID NO:40685 and SEQ ID NO:40686 correspond respectively to forwardand reverse genome amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for usein producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, orfrom a cDNA derived from such mRNA pools. The sequence of such ampliconshould correspond to all or a part of a CRW gene encoding a ubiquitinconjugating enzyme homologous protein. SEQ ID NO:40685 and SEQ IDNO:40686 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence fromnucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-42 as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40685 correspond to nucleotides 16-34 as set forth in SEQID NO:40684. Nucleotides 24-42 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40686correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40684 from nucleotides 295-313. Using the primer pair consistingof SEQ ID NO:40685 and SEQ ID NO:40686 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA as a template, a 344 base pair amplicon comprising thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40687 is produced,corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding aprotein exhibiting homology to a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme. Thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40687 from aboutnucleotide 24 through about nucleotide 321 corresponds substantially tothe nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40684 from nucleotides16-313.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40687 iscloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNA arerecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40687 from about nucleotide position 24 at least throughabout nucleotide position 253 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40687, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40687, from about nucleotide position253 at least through about nucleotide position 24, uridinesappropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to producesufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samplescontaining 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRWdiet bioassay as described above and larvae allowed to feed for 13 days.CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or apart of the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40687 exhibit significantgrowth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

A Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Homologous Sequence

The glycolytic pathway is an essential pathway in most organisms and isinvolved in the production of metabolic energy from the degradation ofglucose. One important enzyme in the second stage of the glycolyticpathway is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), which, inthe presence of NAD+ and inorganic phosphate, catalyzes the oxidation of3-phospho-glyceraldehyde to 3-phosphoglyceroyl-phosphate along with theformation of NADH. The important component of this reaction is thestorage of energy through the formation of NADH. Genes encoding enzymesassociated with the glycolytic pathway, and particularly genes encodingenzymes involved in the steps useful in formation of energy reserves maybe particularly useful targets for double stranded RNA mediatedinhibition in invertebrate pest species.

A CRW cDNA library sequence was identified that was predicted to encodean amino acid sequence exhibiting homology to aglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) protein. The consensussequence for the cluster set forth at SEQ ID NO:40688 was assembled fromthe overlapping sequences of three singleton EST sequences. An aminoacid sequence translation of an ORF within thenucleotide sequence SEQ IDNO:40688 exhibited homology with a G3PDH amino acid sequence derivedfrom a Crytococcus curvatus G3PDH gene (GenBank Accession No. AF126158)and with a G3PDH protein amino acid sequence from the organismDrosophila pseudoobscura (GenBank Accession No. AF025809). Thus, anamino acid sequence translation of the sequence as set forth at SEQ IDNO:40688 was predicted to be a part of a CRW G3PDH enzyme protein. Thenucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40688 served as the basisfor constructing a thermal amplification primer pair for use inamplifying a sequence encoding a CRW G3PDH enzyme sequence.

SEQ ID NO:40689 and SEQ ID NO:40690 correspond respectively to forwardand reverse thermal amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for usein producing an amplicon from CRW nucleotide sequences, either genomeDNA, mRNA pools, or from cDNA sequences derived from such mRNA pools.The sequence of such an amplicon should correspond to all or a part of aCRW gene encoding a G3PDH homologous protein. SEQ ID NO:40689 and SEQ IDNO:40690 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence fromnucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-45 as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40689 correspond to nucleotides 103-124 as set forth in SEQID NO:40688. Nucleotides 24-45 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40690correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40688 from nucleotides 573-594. Using the primer pair consistingof SEQ ID NO:40689 and SEQ ID NO:40690 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA as a template, a 538 base pair amplicon comprising thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40691 is produced,corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding aprotein exhibiting homology to a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme. Thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40691 from aboutnucleotide 24 through about nucleotide 515 corresponds substantially tothe nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40688 from nucleotides103-594.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40691 iscloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNA arerecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40691 from about nucleotide position 24 at least throughabout nucleotide position 515 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40691, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40691, from about nucleotide position515 at least through about nucleotide position 24, uridinesappropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to producesufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samplescontaining 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRWdiet bioassay as described above and larvae allowed to feed for 13 days.CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or apart of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40691 exhibit significantgrowth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

A Ubiquitin B Homologous Sequence

As described above, the ubiquitin protein degradation pathway plays animportant role in the control of the cell cycle by the specificdegradation of a number of regulatory proteins including mitotic cyclinsand inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases such as p27 of mammaliancells. Thus, genes encoding ubiquitin and associated components may be apreferred target for double stranded RNA mediated inhibition. (Smith etal., Plant Phys. 1997, 113:281-291).

A CRW cDNA library sequence was identified that was predicted to encodean amino acid sequence exhibiting homology to a protein designatedherein as ubiquitin B. The consensus sequence for the UNIGENE clusterset forth at SEQ ID NO:40692 was assembled from the overlappingsequences of four singleton EST sequences. An amino acid sequencetranslation of SEQ ID NO:40692 exhibited homology with a polyubiquitinamino acid sequence from Amoeba proteus (GenBank Accession No. AF034789)and with a ubiquitin protein sequence from Drosophila melanogaster(GenBank Accession No. M22428). Thus, an amino acid sequence translationof the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40692 was believed to encode aubiquitin B. SEQ ID NO:40692 served as the basis for constructing aprimer pair for use in a thermal amplification reaction to amplify anucleotide sequence encoding all or a part of a corn rootworm ubiquitinB amino acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO:40693 and SEQ ID NO:40694 correspond respectively to forwardand reverse thermal amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for usein producing an amplicon from nucleotide sequences derived from CRW,either genomic DNA, mRNA pools, or cDNA derived from such mRNA pools.The sequence of such an amplicon should correspond to all or a part of aCRW gene encoding a ubiquitin B homologous protein. SEQ ID NO:40693 andSEQ ID NO:40694 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence fromnucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-40 as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40693 correspond to nucleotides 62-78 as set forth in SEQID NO:40692. Nucleotides 24-47 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40694correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40692 from nucleotides 399-422. Using the primer pair consistingof SEQ ID NO:40693 and SEQ ID NO:40694 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA as a template, a 407 base pair amplicon comprising thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40695 is produced,corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding aprotein exhibiting homology to a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme. Thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40695 from aboutnucleotide 24 through about nucleotide 384 corresponds substantially tothe nucleotide sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40692 from nucleotides62-422.

The amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40695 iscloned into a plasmid vector, and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNArecovered to allow for in vitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from theembedded convergent T7 promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon.Double stranded RNA is produced and a sample subjected to bioassay; oneRNA segment, the sense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40695 from about nucleotide position 24 at least throughabout nucleotide position 384 except that a uridine residue is presentat each position in which a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ IDNO:40695, and the reverse complement RNA segment, or the anti-sensestrand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40695, from about nucleotide position384 at least through about nucleotide position 24, uridinesappropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to producesufficient quantities of small interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samplescontaining 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRWdiet bioassay as described above and larvae allowed to feed for 13 days.CRW larvae feeding on diet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or apart of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO:40695 exhibit significantgrowth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.

A Juvenile Hormone Esterase Homolog

As indicated above, insect juvenile hormone controls and regulates avariety of necessary biological processes within the insect life cycleincluding but not necessarily limited to metamorphosis, reproduction,and diapause. Disruption of JH synthesis or degradation pathways usinggene suppression technology could be an effective target for doublestranded RNA mediated pest inhibition.

An insect juvenile hormone esterase homologous sequence derived from CRWwas identified for use in the present invention. SEQ ID NO:40696corresponds substantially to a CRW midgut cDNA nucleotide sequence. Anamino acid sequence translation of SEQ ID NO:40696 predicted homology toa juvenile hormone esterase (JHE). SEQ ID NO:40697 and SEQ ID NO:40698correspond respectively to forward and reverse amplification primers(i.e., a primer pair) for use in producing an amplicon from CRW genomicDNA, CRW mRNA pools, or a CRW cDNA derived from such pools. The sequenceof such an amplicon should correspond to all or a part of a CRW geneencoding a JHE homologous protein. SEQ ID NO:40697 and SEQ ID NO:40698each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotidepositions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-45 as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40697 correspond to nucleotides 58-79 as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40696. Nucleotides 24-46 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40698 correspondto the reverse complement of the sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO:40696 from nucleotides 338-360. Using the primer pair consisting ofSEQ ID NO:40697 and SEQ ID NO:40698 in an amplification reaction withCRW genomic DNA as a template, a 348 base pair amplicon was producedcomprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:758 or inSEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700. Preferably, an amplicon isproduced using a CRW mRNA pool or a cDNA derived from such pool as thetemplate nucleotide sequence in the amplification reaction.

An amplicon exhibiting the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:758 or inSEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 is cloned into a plasmid vector,and sufficient amounts of plasmid DNA are recovered to allow for invitro T7 RNA polymerase transcription from the embedded convergent T7promoters at either end of the cloned amplicon. Double stranded RNA isproduced and a sample is subjected to bioassay; one RNA segment, thesense strand, consisting of the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:758or in SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700 from about nucleotideposition 45 at least through about nucleotide position 302 except that auridine residue is present at each position in which a thymidine residueis shown in SEQ ID NO:40699, and the reverse complement RNA segment, orthe anti-sense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:758 or in SEQ ID NO:40607through SEQ ID NO:40700 from about nucleotide position 302 at leastthrough about nucleotide position 45, uridines appropriately positionedin place of thymidines. A sample of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) istreated with DICER or with RNAse III to produce sufficient quantities ofsmall interfering RNA's (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts permillion siRNA or dsRNA are overlayed onto CRW diet bioassay as describedabove and larvae are allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae feeding ondiet containing dsRNA corresponding to all or a part of the sequence asset forth at SEQ ID NO:758 or in SEQ ID NO:40607 through SEQ ID NO:40700exhibit significant growth inhibition and mortality compared tocontrols.

Ten of the double stranded RNA molecules listed above were tested inbioassay in parallel with small interfering RNA's generated from thedouble stranded RNA molecules. Double stranded RNA sequence samples orsmall interfering RNA samples prepared from the double stranded RNAsequence samples, each corresponding to amino acid sequences annotatedto selected target gene homologs including a 40 kDa V-ATPase homolog, anEF-1-alpha homolog, a 26S proteasome subunit p28 homolog, a juvenilehormone epoxide hydrolase homolog, a CHD3 homolog, a beta-tubulinhomolog, two chitinase homologs, a transcription factor IIB homolog, anda juvenile hormone esterase homolog (corresponding respectively to SEQID NO:40638, SEQ ID NO:40642, SEQ ID NO:40650, SEQ ID NO:40655, SEQ IDNO:40610, SEQ ID NO:40624, SEQ ID NO:40679, SEQ ID NO:40683, SEQ IDNO:40675, and SEQ ID NO:40699) were applied to the insect diet at aconcentration of about ten parts per million (30 microliters of solutioncontaining a double stranded RNA sample adjusted to an appropriateconcentration was added to microtiter dish wells containing 200microliters insect diet per well). A total of eighteen wells were usedfor each sample. A single first instar larva was added to each wellafter the RNA samples had diffused into the diet. The bioassays wereincubated as indicated above for about 13 days and monitored daily formorbidity and mortality. An amino acid sequence variant Cry3Bb1insecticidal crystal protein designated as insecticidal protein 11231 inEnglish et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,642,030) was used as a positive controlfor observing insecticidal bioactivity specific for the rootworm pest.Cry3Bb was applied to the diet as set forth in English et al., exceptthat the concentration of Cry3Bb in the diet was adjusted to be about200-300 parts per million. A separate control sample that was treatedonly with buffer or water was also included in the assay. A doublestranded RNA control sample and a small interfering RNA control sampleproduced from double stranded RNA control samples were also included asadditional negative controls (MEGAscript® RNAi Kit, AMBION, Austin,Tex.).

An initial evaluation using double stranded RNA molecules derived fromthese ten sequences indicated that larvae which were allowed to feed ondiet containing double stranded RNA corresponding to a 40 kDa V-ATPasehomolog (SEQ ID NO:40638), a CHD3 homolog (SEQ ID NO:40610), and abeta-tubulin homolog (SEQ ID NO:40634) exhibited significant mortalityin comparison to the controls. Based on these results, additionalbioassays were conducted to test whether small interfering doublestranded RNA particles would be more effective than the full lengthdouble stranded RNA molecules.

A Alpha Tubuliln Homologous Sequence

Eukaryotic cells generally utilize cytoskeletal structural elements thatare important, no t only as a mechanical scaffold, but also insustaining the shape of the cell. Semiflexible microfilaments make cellsmobile, help them to divide in mitosis (cytokinesis) and, in vertebrateand invertebrate animals, are responsible for muscular contraction. Therelatively stiff microtubules which are made up of alpha and betatubulin proteins play an important role in acting as a sort of highwayfor transport of vesicles and organelles and in the separation ofchromosomes during mitosis (karyokinesis). The flexible intermediatefilaments provide at least additional strength to the overall cellularstructure. The cytoskeleton is also known to be involved in signalingacross the cell cytoplasm. Taking these functions into account, it isbelieved that any disruption of the cytoskeleton or even subtle changesof its integrity may cause pathological consequences to a cell.

At least one CRW cDNA library sequence was identified that was predictedto encode an amino acid sequence exhibiting homology to a proteindesignated herein as alpha tubulin, and more specifically referred toherein as SEQ ID NO:692 as set forth in the sequence listing. An aminoacid sequence translation of the sequence as set forth at SEQ ID NO: 692was believed to encode an alpha tubulin protein or fragment thereof. SEQID NO: 692 served as the basis for constructing a sequence that ispredicted to form a double stranded RNA when expressed in E. coli from aT7 promoter or in a plant from a plant functional promoter. A sequenceserving as the basis for such double stranded RNA coding sequence is SEQID NO:40700 as set forth in the sequence listing from nucleotideposition 58 through nucleotide position 1010. This sequence can beexpressed as a RNA molecule and purified and tested in vitro feedingassays for determining corn rootworm inhibition.

A T7 RNA polymerase promoter was introduced upstream of a nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40700 from nucleotide position 58through nucleotide position 1010, and RNA was produced from thisconstruct (pIC17527). Such RNA was tested in triplicate in an in vitrofeeding assay against corn rootworms against a beta tubulin positivecontrol (described hereinabove), 200 ppm Cry3Bb, and an untreatedcontrol, and mean mortality was determined. Untreated control samplesexhibited less than about 3-5% mortality, while all other test samplesexhibited from about 20 to about 55% mortality. Cry3Bb samples exhibitedfrom about 20 to about 36% mortality, while the pIC17527 samples (at 15ppm) exhibited from about 38 to about 45% mortality. The D8 (betatubulin as set forth herein above) samples, also at about 15 ppm,exhibited from about 38 to about 52% mortality. Based on these results,the alpha tubulin construct was placed under the control of a plantfunctional promoter, used to transform corn plants, and transformationevents arising from the transformation were tested for their ability toresist corn rootworm infestation.

Roots from R0 corn plants transformed with a nucleotide sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40700. Briefly, the sequence encoding a dsRNAconstruct in SEQ ID NO:40700 as described above was linked at the 5′ endto a sequence that consisted of an e35S promoter operably linked to amaize hsp70 intron and at the 3′ end to a NOS3′ transcriptiontermination and polyadenylation sequence. This expression cassette wasplaced downstream of a glyphosate selection cassette. These linkedcassettes were then placed into an Agrobacterium tumefaciens planttransformation functional vector and the new vector was designated aspMON72829 (the alpha tubulin dsRNA construct), used to transform maizetissue to glyphosate tolerance, and events were selected and transferredto soil. R0 plant roots were fed to western corn rootworm larvae (WCR,Diabrotica virifera). Transgenic corn roots were handed-off in Petridishes with MSOD medium containing the antibiotics and glyphosate for invitro selection. Two WCR larvae were infested per root in each dish witha fine tip paintbrush. The dishes were sealed with Parafilm to preventthe larvae from escaping. The assays were placed into a 27° C., 60% RHPercival incubator in complete darkness. Contamination and larvalquality were monitored. After six days of feeding on root tissue, thelarvae were transferred to WCR diet in a 96 well plate. The larvae wereallowed to feed on the diet for eight days making the full assayfourteen days long. Larval mass and survivorship were recorded foranalysis. A one-way analysis was performed on the larval mass data and aDunnett's test to look for statistical significance compared to LH244,an untransformed negative control. WCR larvae were significantly stunted(α=0.05) after feeding on two events, ZM_S125922 and ZM_S125938, andcompared to growth of larvae fed on negative control plants (p<0.02).Larvae feeding on negative control plants exhibited a mean larval massof from about 0.6 to about 0.8 mg, while larvae feeding on thetransgenic roots exhibited a mean larval mass of from about 0.1 to about0.2 mg.

Transgenic corn plants (R0) generated using pMON72829 were planted into10-inch pots containing Metromix soil after reaching an appropriatesize. When plants reached the V4 growth stage, approximately 1000Western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virifera) eggs were infested intothe root zone. Non-transgenic corn of the same genotype was infested ata similar growth stage to serve as a negative control. Eggs werepre-incubated so hatch would occur within 24 hours of infestation.Larvae were allowed to feed on the root systems for 3 weeks. Plants wereremoved from the soil and washed so that the roots could be evaluatedfor larval feeding. Root damage was rated using a Node Injury Scale(NIS) was used to score the level of damage where a 0 indicates nodamage, a 1 indicates that one node of roots was pruned to within 1.5inches, a 2 indicates that 2 nodes were pruned, while a 3 indicates that3 nodes were pruned. Because the plants being used for evaluation weredirectly out of tissue culture after transformation and becausetransformation events are unique, only a single plant was evaluated perevent at this time and no statistics are available. All plants in theassay presented symptoms of larval feeding indicating that a successfulinfestation was obtained. Negative control plant roots were moderatelyto severely damaged averaging about 1.9 on the Node Injury Scale. Singleplants from eight different transgenic events were tested. Roots ofthree of these transgenic plants provided excellent control of larvalfeeding, averaging about 0.2 or less on the Node Injury Scale. Rootsfrom two of the transgenic plants exhibited moderate feeding damage, andthree other transgenic plants exhibited no control of larval feeding.This data indicated that the double nucleotide sequence encoding a RNAsequence that can form into a dsRNA is fully capable of providingprotection from rootworm pest infestation when expressed in a transgenicplant and that plant is provided in the diet of the rootworm pest.

One explanation for the lack of consistent observable mortality or othereffects with the sequences selected for gene suppression includingEF1alpha, 26S proteasome subunit, and various other cDNA sequences couldbe that, for these genes, there are expressed homologues present withinthe population of genes encoding proteins that have similar functionsbut exhibit sufficient sequence differences that the RNAi pathway doesnot act to suppress the homologue using the sequences selected forsuppression.

Example 2

This example illustrates significant pest inhibition obtained by feedingto an invertebrate pest a diet containing double stranded RNA sequencesderived from that pest.

Artificial diet sufficient for rearing corn rootworm larvae was preparedby applying samples of double stranded RNA sequences derived from sixdifferent corn rootworm cDNA library sequences. Corn rootworm larvaewere allowed to feed on the diet for several days and mortality,morbidity and stunting monitored in comparison to rootworms allowed tofeed only on control diet. The nucleotide sequences that were used inthe diet were derived from sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40638,SEQ ID NO:40642, SEQ ID NO:40650, SEQ ID NO:40655, SEQ ID NO:40610, andSEQ ID NO:40634, each corresponding to nucleotide sequences derived froma corn rootworm cDNA library, the deduced amino acid sequencetranslation of which corresponds respectively to proteins annotated to a40 kDa V-ATPase homolog, an EF1α homolog, a 26S proteasome subunithomolog, a juvenile hormone epoxide hydroxylase homolog, a CHD3 homolog,and a β-tubulin homolog.

Double stranded RNA's (dsRNA's) corresponding to these sequences wereproduced as indicated above. siRNA's were generated by cleavage of thecorresponding dsRNA's using RNAse III enzyme, which is known to cleavedsRNA into 12-15 bp dsRNA fragments containing 2 to 3 nucleotide 3′overhangs, and 5′ phosphate and 3′ hydroxyl termini. The siRNA'sproduced in this fashion were expected to exhibit the same properties assiRNA's that would be produced by the Dicer enzyme involved in theeukaryotic RNAi pathway.

The dsRNA's and siRNA's were sampled onto the CRW diet as indicatedabove at about 0.15 ppm. 12 individual corn rootworm larvae were testedseparately against each dsRNA or siRNA sample as indicated above and theresults were scored after 13 days.

A significant reduction in larval mass (p<0.05) was observed for larvaefeeding on diet containing 0.15 ppm dsRNA sequences as set forth in SEQID NO:40638, SEQ ID NO:40655, SEQ ID NO:40610, and SEQ ID NO:40634compared to the untreated control (UTC). siRNA corresponding tosequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40638, SEQ ID NO:40642, SEQ IDNO:40650, and SEQ ID NO:40610 also provided a significant reduction inlarval mass (p<0.05). However, the larval sample size was insufficientto establish with certainty that the dsRNA or siRNA molecules whichresulted in the greatest decrease in larval mass compared to thecontrols was a result of random variation or clearly a result based ondouble stranded RNA mediated inhibition of some biological functionwithin the rootworm larvae. Therefore, based on these results, RNAsequences corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40638, SEQ ID NO:40642, SEQ IDNO:40610, and SEQ ID NO:40634 were re-evaluated with a larger larvalsample size.

dsRNA or siRNA samples were applied to each of 72 wells for each of thefour RNA sequences in the evaluation. Each well was loaded with 0.15 ppmdsRNA or siRNA as indicated above by applying a 30 microliter volumecontaining the RNA to the surface of the diet and allowing the sample toinfuse and the surface of the diet to dry. A single larva was added toeach well and incubated for thirteen days. Larval mortality andmorbidity were evaluated, and mass of surviving larvae was determined.The bioassay results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Bioassay Results RNA % Mortality Mass (mg) STE dsRNA BioassayResults SEQ ID NO: 40638 62.25 0.42 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 40642 50.5 0.39 0.05SEQ ID NO: 40610 47.67 0.37 0.05 SEQ ID NO: 40634 92.24 0.27 0.05 dsRNAControl¹ 21.08 0.58 0.08 Cry3Bb² 42.08 0.21 0.03 UTC 5.58 1.24 0.33siRNA Bioassay Results SEQ ID NO: 40638 21.11 0.45 0.06 SEQ ID NO: 4063821.39 1.31 0.16 SEQ ID NO: 40610 15.83 0.73 0.09 SEQ ID NO: 40634 20.000.39 0.07 siRNA Control¹ 6.52 1.10 0.16 Cry3Bb² 27.78 0.49 0.05 UTC 9.451.25 0.18 All siRNA samples at 0.15 ppm per well UTC—10 mM TrisHCl pH7.5 STE—standard error ¹phage λ dsRNA, EPICENTER TECHNOLOGIES, Madison,Wisconsin in dsRNA bioassay; MEGAscript ® RNAi Kit, AMBION, Austin,Texas in siRNA bioassay ²Cry3Bb variant 11231 at 300 ppm in dsRNAbioassay, 200 ppm in siRNA bioassay

All samples were compared to each other using Tukey's HSD method ratherthan to any single control. Significant larval stunting was observed foreach dsRNA or siRNA tested as judged by average mass reduction ofsurviving larvae compared to the untreated control. More importantly,the double stranded small interfering RNA samples demonstrated anability to cause mortality and morbidity (based on reduced larval mass)at a level that was at least as effective as the positive control sampleCry3Bb variant 11231. These results suggest that any double stranded RNAmolecule derived from a messenger RNA sequence present in the cells ofcorn rootworm could be effective when provided to rootworms in theirdiet to inhibit rootworm pest infestation of a plant species.

Example 3

This example illustrates nucleotide sequences for expression in a plantcell, and the effect of providing such nucleotide sequences in the dietof a corn rootworm.

A CHD3 coding sequence derived from a corn rootworm cDNA library wasused to construct a nucleotide sequence encoding a stabilized doublestranded RNA. A cDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2114 encoding apart of an ortholog or a homolog of a CHD3 amino acid sequence was usedto construct a primer pair for use in a thermal amplification reactionusing corn rootworm genomic template DNA. The primer pair as set forthat SEQ ID NO:40608 and SEQ ID NO:40609 enabled the amplification of adouble stranded genome amplicon, one strand of which exhibited thesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40610. Three nucleotide sequencesegments were produced from the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40610. A first nucleotide segment (SEQ ID NO:19251) was producedusing a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40610 as templatein a thermal amplification reaction along with the thermal amplificationprimer pair exhibiting the sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40611 andSEQ ID NO:40612. A second nucleotide segment (SEQ ID NO:40616) wasproduced using a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40610 astemplate in a thermal amplification reaction along with the thermalamplification primer pair exhibiting the sequences as set forth in SEQID NO:40614 and SEQ ID NO:40615. A third nucleotide segment (SEQ IDNO:40619) was produced using a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40610 as template in a thermal amplification reaction along withthe thermal amplification primer pair exhibiting the sequences a setforth in SEQ ID NO:40617 and SEQ ID NO:40618. The 3′ end of one of thestrands the first segment is complementary to the 3′ end of one of thestrands of the second segment so that in a thermal amplificationreaction containing both of these segments, these complementary endshybridize and allow for the polymerase-mediated extension of bothstrands from their respective 3′ ends. The 3′ end of the other strand ofthe second segment is complementary to the 3′ end of one of the strandsof the third segment, so that in a thermal amplification reactioncontaining both of these segments, these complementary ends hybridizeand allow for the polymerase-mediated extension of both strands fromtheir respective 3′ ends. In a thermal amplification reaction containingall three segments and their complementary sequences, i.e., the first,the second and the third segment, along with thermal amplificationprimer sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40611 and SEQ ID NO:40618, anew sequence is produced as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40620, that whenplaced under the control of a promoter that functions in plants, canproduce an RNA nucleotide sequence substantially identical to thesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40620 except that uridine residuesare present in place of thymidine residues. This RNA nucleotide sequencecan form into a stabilized RNA molecule by virtue of the reversecomplementarity of the third segment to the first segment, in which theportion of SEQ ID NO:40620 corresponding to the third segment from aboutnucleotide position 303 to about nucleotide position 473 hybridizes tothe portion of SEQ ID NO:40620 corresponding to the first segment fromabout nucleotide position 1 through about nucleotide position 171, andthe first and the third segments are linked by a second nucleotidesequence segment, which in this example is represented by the portion ofSEQ ID NO:40620 corresponding to the second segment from aboutnucleotide position 172 through about nucleotide position 302.Expression of a nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40620 inplant cells results in the synthesis of a stabilized RNA molecule. Plantcells transcribing a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40620into an RNA sequence can be provided in the diet of a corn rootworm. Acorn rootworm feeding upon such plant cells stop feeding, is preventedfrom developing into an adult beetle, is prevented from breeding, dies,or suffers from any or all of these effects as a result of inhibition ofthe CHD3 homologous protein synthesis.

A β-tubulin coding sequence derived from a corn rootworm cDNA librarywas used to construct a nucleotide sequence encoding a stabilized doublestranded RNA. A cDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40621 encoding apart of an ortholog or a homolog of a β-tubulin amino acid sequence wasused to construct a primer pair for use in a thermal amplificationreaction using corn rootworm genomic template DNA. The primer pair asset forth at SEQ ID NO:40622 and SEQ ID NO:40623 enabled theamplification of a double stranded genome amplicon, one strand of whichexhibited the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40624. Three nucleotidesequence segments were produced from the nucleotide sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40624. A first nucleotide segment (SEQ ID NO:3917)was produced using a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40624as template in a thermal amplification reaction along with the thermalamplification primer pair exhibiting the sequences as set forth in SEQID NO:40625 and SEQ ID NO:40626. A second nucleotide segment (SEQ IDNO:40630) was produced using a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:40624 as template in a thermal amplification reaction along withthe thermal amplification primer pair exhibiting the sequences as setforth in SEQ ID NO:40628 and SEQ ID NO:40629. A third nucleotide segment(SEQ ID NO:40639) was produced using a nucleotide sequence as set forthin SEQ ID NO:40624 as template in a thermal amplification reaction alongwith the thermal amplification primer pair exhibiting the sequences aset forth in SEQ ID NO:40631 and SEQ ID NO:40632. The 3′ end of one ofthe strands the first segment is complementary to the 3′ end of one ofthe strands of the second segment so that in a thermal amplificationreaction containing both of these segments, these complementary endshybridize and allow for the polymerase-mediated extension of bothstrands from their respective 3′ ends. The 3′ end of the other strand ofthe second segment is complementary to the 3′ end of one of the strandsof the third segment, so that in a thermal amplification reactioncontaining both of these segments, these complementary ends hybridizeand allow for the polymerase-mediated extension of both strands fromtheir respective 3′ ends. In a thermal amplification reaction containingall three segments and their complementary sequences, i.e., the first,the second and the third segment, along with thermal amplificationprimer sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40625 and SEQ ID NO:40632, anew sequence is produced as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40634, that whenplaced under the control of a promoter that functions in plants, canproduce an RNA nucleotide sequence substantially identical to thesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40634 except that uridine residuesare present in place of thymidine residues. This RNA nucleotide sequencecan form into a stabilized RNA molecule by virtue of the reversecomplementarity of the third segment to the first segment, in which theportion of SEQ ID NO:40634 corresponding to the third segment from aboutnucleotide position 358 to about nucleotide position 577 hybridizes tothe portion of SEQ ID NO:40634 corresponding to the first segment fromabout nucleotide position 31 through about nucleotide position 250, andthe first and third segments are linked by a second nucleotide sequencesegment, which in this example is represented a portion of SEQ IDNO:40634 corresponding to the second segment from about nucleotideposition 251 through about nucleotide position 357. Expression of anucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40634 in plant cellsresults in the synthesis of a stabilized RNA molecule. Plant cellstranscribing a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40634 intoan RNA sequence can be provided in the diet of a corn rootworm. A cornrootworm feeding upon such plant cells stop feeding, is prevented fromdeveloping into an adult beetle, is prevented from breeding, dies, orsuffers from any or all of these effects as a result of inhibition ofthe 13 tubulin protein synthesis.

Example 4

This example illustrates the synergistic effects of providing in thediet of an invertebrate pest one or more pesticidally effectivecompositions together with one or more double stranded RNA sequencesderived from the invertebrate pest, the one or more dsRNA sequenceshaving previously demonstrated a pesticidal effect when provided in thediet of the pest.

As indicated in example 3, providing in the diet of an invertebrate pesta double stranded RNA molecule derived from that pest results in theinhibition of one or more biological functions in the pest and thereforefunctions to achieve a pesticidal effect, resulting in the mortality ofthe pest or some other measurable feature that reduces the ability ofthe pest to infest a particular environment or host. The addition of oneor more other pesticidal agents, each different from each other and eachfunctioning to achieve its pesticidal effect by a means different fromthe way in which the dsRNA functions to achieve its pesticidal effect,may result in achieving an improvement in the level of pest control andwould further decrease the likelihood that the pest would developresistance to any one or more of the pesticidal agents or dsRNA's whenused alone to achieve inhibition of the pest.

To test this, CRW larvae are allowed to feed on diet into which isincorporated varying amounts of a Cry3Bb rootworm inhibitory protein anda fixed amount of a double stranded RNA formulated above as set forth inExample 2 or 3, such as a dsRNA corresponding to SEQ ID NO:40620 or SEQID NO:40634. A synergistic pest inhibition effect is observed. As setforth in Example 2 and 3, an LD50 amount of a variant Cry3Bb was used toachieve about 50% insect larvae mortality with a coordinate reduction infitness of the surviving larvae as judged by the reduced larvae weightsin comparison to negative controls. Reducing the amount of theinsecticidal protein in the diet results in a coordinate reduction inthe mortality rate, and an increase in the mean surviving larvalweights. The addition of dsRNA corresponding to either SEQ ID NO:40634or to SEQ ID NO:40620 results in almost complete mortality at eachconcentration of Cry3Bb, and a substantial decrease in the mean weightof any survivors. This suggests a synergistic effect. Synergy may beachieved through the disturbance in the larval mid-gut as a result ofthe introduction of any amount of Cry3Bb, which has been shown tointroduce pores into the mid-gut membrane. The pores may allow a greaterlevel of the double stranded RNA species to permeate into cells or eveninto the haemolymph, resulting in a more efficient delivery of the dsRNAspecies into the larvae, and thus resulting in a more efficientreduction in the suppression of the target mRNA. Particular combinationsof pore forming compositions along with double stranded RNA compositionsresults in an enhanced and synergistic pesticidal effect because dsRNAis now more able to be distributed throughout the haemolymph and exerteffects on cells and tissues remote from the gut of the pest. Particularpore forming compositions include but may not be limited to insecticidaltoxin proteins derived from B. thuringiensis and related species,whether or not these are demonstrated to be insecticidal to a particularinsect, and further may include but not be limited to pore formingdomains of such toxins. Such pore forming compositions may also includeone or more such pore forming toxins or domains or combinations thereof,each different from the other, each exhibiting a different mode ofaction as judged by each toxin or domain channel forming propertiesincluding kinetics of ion channel formation, sizes of conductancestates, total membrane conductance, ion specificity, and ion channelgating properties. Combinations of such pore forming compositions alongwith dsRNA molecules specific for suppression of one or more genes in acoleopteran species are specifically contemplated herein.

Example 5

This example illustrates that the nucleotide sequence fragments of theV-ATPase, when provided in the double stranded RNA form in the diet of aCRW species, are useful for controlling the insect pest.

The sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40713 is a cDNA clone thatrepresents 1870 nucleotides of a 2400 nucleotide mRNA encoding a proteinexhibiting substantial sequence identity to a Drosophila melanogasterVacuolar ATPase (68 kd, subunit 2). This cDNA clone was fully sequencedon both strands using primers designed from the initial sequence data.These sequencing primers are listed as SEQ ID NO:40714 through SEQ IDNO:40729. SEQ ID NO:40730 and SEQ ID NO:40731 are sequences of theprimers used to produce a copy of SEQ ID NO:40713 from the cDNA in thecloning vector pSPORT (Invitrogen). Each primer contained a20-nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotide positions 1-20.Nucleotides 21-44 set forth in SEQ ID NO:40730 and nucleotides 21-45 ofSEQ ID NO:40731 correspond to sequences within the pSPORT vectorflanking the inserted cDNA. These primers allow the amplification of aDNA template containing the cDNA fragment flanked at either end with T7promoters, allowing for the in vitro production of double stranded RNAwith a T7 RNA polymerase. When double stranded RNA derived from SEQ IDNO:40713 was included in the CRW diet, about 80% mortality was observed.

Six different regions of SEQ ID NO:40713 were tested by using thefollowing sets of amplification primers: SEQ ID NO:40732 and SEQ IDNO:40733, corresponding to nucleotides 1 to 291 (referred to as section#1, 271 base pairs) of SEQ ID NO: 1; SEQ ID NO:40734 and SEQ ID NO:40735corresponding to nucleotides 292 to 548 (referred to as section #2, 260base pairs); SEQ ID NO:40736 and SEQ ID NO:40737 corresponding to 549 to830 (referred to as section #3, 271 base pairs); SEQ ID NO:40738 and SEQID NO:40739 corresponding to nucleotides 840 to 1345 (referred to assection #4, 505 base pairs); SEQ ID NO:40740 and SEQ ID NO:40741corresponding to nucleotides 1360 to 1621 (referred to as section #5 261base pairs); SEQ ID NO:40742 and SEQ ID NO:40745 corresponding tonucleotides 1540 to 1870 (referred to as section #6, 278 base pairs).Note that section 5 and 6 overlapped by approximately 80 base pairs.When these 6 sections were separately incorporated into CRW diet,sections #1, #2, #3 and #4 showed CRW mortality ranging from 94% to100%. Section #5 and #6 showed no CRW mortality above the backgroundseen in the untreated controls. The sequence represented by section #1was further subdivided into 3 smaller sections, each of these threesmaller sections being represented by at least from about 150 to about180 contiguous nucleotides within section #1, so that the firstsubsection in section #1 overlapped with the second subsection insection #1, and the third subsection in section #1 overlapped with thesecond subsection. Each of these subsections were tested separately inthe CRW bioassay. Mortality between 80 and 90% was observed using thesethree shorter sequences.

A second means for testing the bioactivity of dsRNA molecules derivedfrom CRW genes is to construct a self-complementary RNA molecule. Bycombining the same DNA sequence in the reverse orientation with the T7RNA polymerase promoter a single RNA molecule can be synthesized whichis self complementary. One such RNA molecule was constructed bycombining the nucleotides 1 through 345 with the nucleotides 50 through325, from the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40713. Theresulting sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:40746 and was designatedas pIC17527. pIC17527 was cloned into pTOPT2.1 (Invitrogen). Using theT7 promoter in the pTOPO 2.1 vector a dsRNA approximately 500 base pairnucleotides was produced and incorporated into CRW diet. The resultingmortality was between 80% to 100%.

Example 6

This example illustrates the oral toxicity of dsRNA's towards larvae ofthe Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata.

Total RNA was isolated from larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB),Leptinotarsa decemlineata, using the Ambion mirVana kit (Catalog #1560)and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.). CPB larvaeoccupying approximately 200 μL volume in a microfuge tube were used foreach preparation. Five micrograms of total RNA were used to prepare cDNAusing the Invitrogen Thermoscript™ RT-PCR system (Catalog #11146) andrecommended procedures for random primer-mediated cDNA synthesis(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). This cDNA was used as a template foramplification of V-ATPase A subunit 2 ortholog sequences using Taq DNApolymerase and the oligonucleotide primers pr 550 (SEQ ID NO:40769) andpr552 (SEQ ID NO:40770). These primers were designed by aligning thenucleotide sequences for the nearest V-ATPase A orthologs from Manducasexta (SEQ ID NO:40760), Aedes aegypti (SEQ ID NO:40761), Drosophilamelanogaster (SEQ ID NO:40762), and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) andselecting regions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds tonucleotides 230-252 in the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552corresponds to nucleotides 1354-1331 in the M. sexta gene sequence.

Amplification was achieved using a touchdown amplification procedurewith the following cycling parameters:

Step 1. 94 C, 2 min;Step 2. 94 C, 30 sec;Step 3. 50 C, 2 min;

Step 4. 72 C, 2 min

(35 cycles for steps 2-4, with a step down of −0.3 C per cycle for step3);Step 5. 72 C, 10 min; and

Step 6. 4 C.

The approximately 1.2 kb DNA fragment amplified from the cDNA was clonedinto the vector pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) to yield the recombinantplasmid pIC17105. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned insert (SEQ IDNO:40753) shares only 82% nucleotide sequence identity with the V-ATPaseA subunit 2 ortholog sequence from the Western corn rootworm, Diabroticavirgifera, however, the deduced amino acid sequences for the encodedV-ATPase A proteins share 97% sequence identity.

The V-ATPase A ortholog sequence in plasmid pIC17105 was amplified usingprimers pr568 (SEQ ID NO:40771) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:40772), designed as“universal” primers for generating DNA templates with flanking T7polymerase promoter sequences from pCR2.1-TOPO clones. The amplified DNAserved as the template for dsRNA synthesis using the Ambion MEGAscript™kit (Catalog #1626) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin,Tex.). Purified dsRNA derived from the L. decemlineata V-ATPase Aortholog sequence was fed to larvae of L. decemlineata in an insectfeeding assay.

The CPB diet consists of 13.2 g/L agar (Serva 11393), 140.3 g/LBio-Serve pre-mix (F9380B), 5 ml/L KOH (18.3% w/w), and 1.25 ml/Lformalin (37%). The diet was dispensed in 200 uL aliquots onto 96-wellplates and dried briefly prior to sample application. Twenty □L of testsample were applied per well, with sterile water serving as theuntreated check (UTC). Plates were allowed to dry before adding insectlarvae. One neonate CPB larva was added per well with a fine paintbrush.Plates were sealed with mylar and ventilated using an insect pin. Fortylarvae were tested per treatment. The bioassay plates were incubated at27 C, 60% RH, in complete darkness for 10-12 days. The plates werescored for larval stunting and mortality. Data were analyzed using JMP®4 statistical software (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C., USA).

TABLE 2 Oral toxicity of dsRNA to CPB larvae Treatment % Mortality StdDev SEM 95% CI Untreated check 8.33 10.21 4.17  −2.38-19.04 V-ATPase AdsRNA 87.5 10.83 3.61   79.18-95.82

Based on the oral toxicity bioassay data using a CPB specific V-ATPasedsRNA, CPB infestation of plants can be controlled by providing in thediet of the pest a plant cell expressing one or more dsRNA sequencesspecific for suppression of one or more genes in a CPB pest.

Example 7

This example illustrates the results of bioassays of variouslepidopteran larvae on artificial diet using insect specific dsRNA.

Total RNA was isolated from 2^(nd)-3^(rd) ins tar larvae of Spodopterafrugiperda, Helicoverpa zea, Agrotis ipsilon, and Ostrinia nubilalisusing the Ambion mirVana kit (Catalog #1560) and recommended procedures(Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.). Larvae occupying approximately 200 μLvolume in a microfuge tube were used for each preparation.

Five micrograms of total RNA from each of the above lepidopteran specieswas used to prepare cDNA using the Invitrogen Thermoscript™ RT-PCRsystem (Catalog #11146) and recommended procedures for randomprimer-mediated cDNA synthesis (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). This cDNAwas used as a template for amplification of one or more V-ATPase Asubunit 2 ortholog sequences specific for each of the lepidopteranspecies using Taq DNA polymerase and the oligonucleotide primers pr 550(SEQ ID NO:40769) and pr552 (SEQ ID NO:40770).

These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences for thenearest V-ATPase A orthologs from Manduca sexta, Aedes aegypti,Drosophila melanogaster, and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and selectingregions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides230-252 in the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds tonucleotides 1354-1331 in the M. sexta gene sequence.

Amplification was achieved using a touchdown PCR procedure with thecycling parameters as described in Example 6. The amplified DNA productswere cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO and sequenced to confirm their identity.The recombinant plasmids containing the ortholog gene sequences arelisted in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Lepidopteran V-ATPase A subunit 2 ortholog sequences PlasmidInsect species SEQ ID NO: pIC17088 Spodoptera frugiperda SEQ ID NO:40754 pIC17101 Agrotis ipsilon SEQ ID NO: 40755 pIC17102 Helicoverpa zeaSEQ ID NO: 40756 pIC17103 Ostrinia nubilalis SEQ ID NO: 40757

The V-ATPase A ortholog sequences in plasmids pIC17088, pIC17101,pIC17102 were amplified using primers pr555 (SEQ ID NO:40773) and pr556(SEQ ID NO:40774), designed to generate DNA fragments with flanking andopposing T7 polymerase promoters for in vitro dsRNA synthesis.

Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) for the FAW, BCW, and CEW orthologsequences were synthesized from these amplified DNA templates using theAmbion MEGAscript™ kit (Catalog #1626) and recommended procedures(Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.) and submitted for insect bioassays at 10ppm.

For these assays, artificial lepidopteran diet (165 g/L SouthlandMultiple Species Diet, 14.48 g/L agar) was prepared and dispensed to 128well trays, 500 ul per well. Samples were dispensed over the diet andplaced in a “dry down” chamber at 27 C and 35% humidity, where excesswater is evaporated off. Once dried each well was infested with a singleneonate larva and sealed with a perforated mylar seal. The trays wereincubated for six to eight days at 27 C. The untreated control insectshad depleted all of the diet in their respective wells at six to eightdays. Fifty-well trays were prepared with 4 ml artificial diet per well,and all insects that were at or near depletion of diet before the assayconcluded, were transferred to the new trays. These trays were sealedand returned to the incubator, and all bioassays were then evaluatedafter a total of ten to twelve days.

The results from these bioassays for the lepidopteran insect speciesindicate no significant effect on larval mortality or mass gain ascompared to the untreated check (comparisons for all pairs usingTukey-Kramer HSD) and using this assay regimen has been observed.Effects on larval mortality or mass gain were also not observed inbioassays using combinations of dsRNA and sublethal amounts of poreforming BT insecticidal proteins known from previous experiments to betoxic to these lepidopteran pests.

Example 8

This example illustrates a bioassay for determining oral toxicity ofdsRNA towards larvae of the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis.

Total RNA was isolated from larvae of the cotton boll weevil (BWV),Anthonomus grandis, using the Ambion mirVana kit (Catalog #1560) andrecommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.). BWV larvae occupyingapproximately 200 ul volume in a microfuge tube were used for eachpreparation. Five micrograms of total RNA were used to prepare cDNAusing the Invitrogen Thermoscript™ RT-PCR system (Catalog #11146) andrecommended procedures for random primer-mediated cDNA synthesis(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). This cDNA was used as a template foramplification of V-ATPase A subunit 2 ortholog sequences using Taq DNApolymerase and the oligonucleotide primers pr 550 (SEQ ID NO:40769) andpr552 (SEQ ID NO:40770).

These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences for thenearest V-ATPase A orthologs from Manduca sexta, Aedes aegypti,Drosophila melanogaster, and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and selectingregions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides230-252 in the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds tonucleotides 1354-1331 in the M. sexta gene sequence.

Amplification was achieved using a touchdown amplification procedurewith the cycling parameters as described in Example 6. The approximately1.2 kb DNA fragment amplified from the cDNA was cloned into the vectorpCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert sequenced for confirmation. TheV-ATPase A ortholog sequence (SEQ ID NO:40758) was amplified usingprimers pr568 (SEQ ID NO:40771) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:40772), designed as“universal” primers for generating DNA templates with flanking T7polymerase promoter sequences from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.

Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) were synthesized from this amplified DNAtemplate using the Ambion MEGAscript™ kit (Catalog #1626) andrecommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.) and submitted forinsect bioassay.

For bioassays of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, anagar-based artificial insect diet was used (Bioserv™—F9247B; Gast andDavich, 1966) per manufacturers instructions. Approximately 200 ul ofmolten diet was dispensed into 96-well microtiter plates and allowed tocool and solidify. A sample (20 ul) containing about 10 ppm dsRNAcorresponding to the V-ATPase A ortholog sequence (SEQ ID NO:40758) wasthen overlaid onto the diet and allowed to dry. Insect eggs (0-14) in 25ul of 0.1% agar were then dispensed onto the diet. The plates were thensealed with perforated seals (Zymark #72281). The assay was incubated at27° C. for ten to twelve days and scored for activity by determinationof frass accumulation. No effects on larval mortality or mass gain wereobserved, but this may be a result of the particular feeding physiologyof the boll weevil. Burrowing into the diet may significantly decreasethe dose of dsRNA ingested and therefore significantly reduce anyeffects that would otherwise be observed with a surface feedingphysiology. Incorporation of the dsRNA into the diet in a uniform mannerwould likely achieve significant mortality and reduced mass gain.

Other target gene sequences from the boll weevil may be cloned and usedas templates for the in vitro synthesis of dsRNAs that can then betested in insect bioassay to assess their efficacy. For instance, theribosomal protein L19 (rpl19) gene may be used as a template for dsRNAsynthesis. The nucleotide sequences for the rpl19 orthologs from Bombyxmori (SEQ ID NO:40763), Drosophila melanogaster (SEQ ID NO:40764),Anopholes gambiae (SEQ ID NO:40765), and Diabrotica virgifera (SEQ IDNO:40766) were aligned and consensus regions of minimal degeneracyidentified for the purpose of designing degenerate oligonucleotideprimers. Primers pr574 (SEQ ID NO:40775) and pr577 (SEQ ID NO:40777) orprimers pr575 (SEQ ID NO:40776) and pr577 (SEQ ID NO:40777) may be usedto amplify putative rpl19 ortholog sequences from many different insectspecies.

Amplification is achieved using a touchdown amplification procedure withthe cycling parameters as described in Example 6. The approximately 0.4kb DNA fragment amplified from the boll weevil cDNA was cloned into thevector pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert sequenced forconfirmation. The rpl19 ortholog sequence (SEQ ID NO:40767) wasamplified using primers pr568 (SEQ ID NO:40771) and pr569 (SEQ IDNO:40772), designed as “universal” primers for generating DNA templateswith flanking T7 polymerase promoter sequences from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.

Example 9

This example illustrates a bioassay for determining oral toxicity ofdsRNAs towards larvae of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.

Some insects pests are commercially important because they infest thecommodity products and processed materials produced from a particularcrop. One particular such pest is the red flour beetle. The presence ofone or more dsRNA species specific for inhibition of one or more genesin such pests in the commodity product and processed materials producedfrom a particular crop would be useful in controlling such pestinfestation.

Total RNA was isolated from larvae of the red flour beetle (RFB),Tribolium castaneum, using the Ambion mirVana kit (Catalog #1560) andrecommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.). RFB larvae occupyingapproximately 200 ul volume in a microfuge tube were used for eachpreparation. Five micrograms of total RNA were used to prepare cDNAusing the Invitrogen Thermoscript™ RT-PCR system (Catalog #11146) andrecommended procedures for random primer-mediated cDNA synthesis(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). This cDNA was used as a template foramplification of V-ATPase A subunit 2 ortholog sequences using Taq DNApolymerase and the oligonucleotide primers pr 550 (SEQ ID NO:40769) andpr552 (SEQ ID NO:40770).

These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences for thenearest V-ATPase A orthologs from Manduca sexta, Aedes aegypti,Drosophila melanogaster, and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and selectingregions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides230-252 in the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds tonucleotides 1354-1331 in the M. sexta gene sequence.

Amplification is achieved using a touchdown amplification procedure withthe cycling parameters as described in Example 6. The approximately 1.2kb DNA fragment amplified from the cDNA was cloned into the vectorpCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert sequenced for confirmation. TheV-ATPase A ortholog sequence (SEQ ID NO:40759) was amplified usingprimers pr568 (SEQ ID NO:40771 and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:40772), designed as“universal” primers for generating DNA templates with flanking T7polymerase promoter sequences from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.

Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) were synthesized from this amplified DNAtemplate using the Ambion MEGAscript™ kit (Catalog #1626) andrecommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.) and submitted forinsect bioassay. Wheat flour is uniformly mixed with water and dsRNAcorresponding to V-ATPase A ortholog sequence (SEQ ID NO:40759) andallowed to dry. The composition is used as a bioassay substrate alongwith red flour beetle larvae. Insecticidal effects are observed afterseveral days of incubation by extracting the weevil larvae from theflour/dsRNA mixture.

Other target gene sequences from the red flour beetle may be cloned andused as templates for the in vitro synthesis of dsRNAs that can then betested in insect bioassay to assess their efficacy. For instance, theribosomal protein L19 (rpl19) gene may be used as a template for dsRNAsynthesis. The nucleotide sequences for the rpl19 orthologs from Bombyxmori, Drosophila melanogaster, Anopholes gambiae, and Diabroticavirgifera were aligned and consensus regions of minimal degeneracyidentified for the purpose of designing degenerate oligonucleotideprimers. Primers pr574 (SEQ ID NO:40775) and pr577 (SEQ ID NO:40777) orprimers pr575 (SEQ ID NO:40776) and pr577 (SEQ ID NO:40777) may be usedto amplify putative rpl19 ortholog sequences from many different insectspecies.

Amplification is achieved using a touchdown amplification procedure withthe cycling parameters as described in Example 6. The approximately 0.4kb kb DNA fragment amplified from the red flour beetle cDNA was clonedinto the vector pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert sequenced forconfirmation. The rpl19 ortholog sequence (SEQ ID NO:40768) wasamplified using primers pr568 (SEQ ID NO:40771) and pr569 (SEQ IDNO:40772), designed as “universal” primers for generating DNA templateswith flanking T7 polymerase promoter sequences from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.

Example 10

This example illustrates a bioassay for determining oral toxicity ofdsRNAs to white grubs and wireworms.

Total RNA is isolated from white grub of wireworm larvae using theAmbion mirVana kit (Catalog #1560) and recommended procedures (AmbionInc., Austin, Tex.). Larvae occupying approximately 200 ul volume in amicrofuge tube are used for each preparation. Five micrograms of totalRNA are used to prepare cDNA using the Invitrogen Thermoscript™ RT-PCRsystem (Catalog #11146) and recommended procedures for randomprimer-mediated cDNA synthesis (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). This cDNAis used as a template for amplification of V-ATPase A subunit 2 orthologsequences using Taq DNA polymerase and the oligonucleotide primers pr550 (SEQ ID NO:40769) and pr552 (SEQ ID NO:40770).

These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences for thenearest V-ATPase A orthologs from Manduca sexta, Aedes aegypti,Drosophila melanogaster, and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and selectingregions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides230-252 in the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds tonucleotides 1354-1331 in the M. sexta gene sequence.

Amplification is achieved using a touchdown amplification procedure withthe cycling parameters as described in Example 7. The approximately 1.2kb DNA fragment amplified from the cDNA is cloned into the vectorpCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert sequenced for confirmation. TheV-ATPase A ortholog sequence is amplified using primers pr568 (SEQ IDNO:40771) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:40772), designed as “universal” primersfor generating DNA templates with flanking T7 polymerase promotersequences from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.

Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are synthesized from this amplified DNAtemplate using the Ambion MEGAscript™ kit (Catalog #1626) andrecommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.) and submitted forinsect bioassay. Effects of oral toxicity are observed after severaldays of bioassay.

Other target gene sequences from white grubs or wireworms may be clonedand used as templates for the in vitro synthesis of dsRNAs that can thenbe tested in insect bioassay to assess their efficacy. For instance, theribosomal protein L19 (rpl19) gene may be used as a template for dsRNAsynthesis. The nucleotide sequences for the rpl19 orthologs from Bombyxmori, Drosophila melanogaster, Anopholes gambiae, and Diabroticavirgifera were aligned and consensus regions of minimal degeneracyidentified for the purpose of designing degenerate oligonucleotideprimers. Primers pr574 and pr577 or primers pr575 and pr577 may be usedto amplify putative rpl19 ortholog sequences from many different insectspecies.

Amplification is achieved using a touchdown amplification procedure withthe cycling parameters as described in Example 7. The approximately 0.4kb DNA fragment amplified from the cDNA is cloned into the vectorpCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert sequenced for confirmation. Therpl19 ortholog sequence is amplified using primers pr568 (SEQ IDNO:40771) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:40772), designed as “universal” primersfor generating DNA templates with flanking T7 polymerase promotersequences from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.

Example 11

This example illustrates a bioassay for determining oral toxicity ofdsRNAs towards larvae of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

Total RNA is isolated from larvae of Aedes aegypti larvae using theAmbion mirVana kit (Catalog #1560) and recommended procedures (AmbionInc., Austin, Tex.). Aedes aegypti larvae occupying approximately 200 ulvolume in a microfuge tube are used for each preparation. Fivemicrograms of total RNA are used to prepare cDNA using the InvitrogenThermoscript™ RT-PCR system (Catalog #11146) and recommended proceduresfor random primer-mediated cDNA synthesis (Invitrogen, Carlsbad,Calif.). This cDNA is used as a template for amplification of V-ATPase Asubunit 2 ortholog sequences using Taq DNA polymerase and theoligonucleotide primers pr 550 (SEQ ID NO:40769) and pr552 (SEQ IDNO:40770).

These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences for thenearest V-ATPase A orthologs from Manduca sexta, Aedes aegypti,Drosophila melanogaster, and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and selectingregions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides230-252 in the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds tonucleotides 1354-1331 in the M. sexta gene sequence.

Amplification is achieved using a touchdown amplification procedure withthe cycling parameters as described in Example 7. The approximately 1.2kb DNA fragment amplified from the cDNA is cloned into the vectorpCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert sequenced for confirmation. TheV-ATPase A ortholog sequence is amplified using primers pr568 (SEQ IDNO:40771) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:40772), designed as “universal” primersfor generating DNA templates with flanking T7 polymerase promotersequences from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.

Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are synthesized from this amplified DNAtemplate using the Ambion MEGAscript™ kit (Catalog #1626) andrecommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.) and submitted forinsect bioassay. Effects on insect larvae are observed after severaldays in bioassay.

Other target gene sequences from mosquitoes may be cloned and used astemplates for the in vitro synthesis of dsRNAs that can then be testedin insect bioassay to assess their efficacy. For instance, the ribosomalprotein L19 (rpl19) gene may be used as a template for dsRNA synthesis.The nucleotide sequences for the rpl19 orthologs from Bombyx mori,Drosophila melanogaster, Anopholes gambiae, and Diabrotica virgiferawere aligned and consensus regions of minimal degeneracy identified forthe purpose of designing degenerate oligonucleotide primers. Primerspr574 and pr577 or primers pr575 and pr577 may be used to amplifyputative rpl19 ortholog sequences from many different insect species.

Amplification is achieved using a touchdown amplification procedure withthe cycling parameters as described in Example 7. The approximately 0.4kb DNA fragment amplified from the cDNA is cloned into the vectorpCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert sequenced for confirmation. Therpl19 ortholog sequence is amplified using primers pr568 (SEQ IDNO:40771) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:40772), designed as “universal” primersfor generating DNA templates with flanking T7 polymerase promotersequences from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.

Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are synthesized from this amplified DNAtemplate using the Ambion MEGAscript™ kit (Catalog #1626) andrecommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.) and submitted forinsect bioassay.

Other mosquito species are contemplated to be within the scope of thisinvention. Suitable target gene sequences from Aedes, Culex, andAnopholes species can be amplified using appropriate oligonucleotideprimers, cloned into the vector pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insertsequenced for confirmation. The cloned target sequences are amplifiedusing primers pr568 (SEQ ID NO:40771) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:40772),designed as “universal” primers for generating DNA templates withflanking T7 polymerase promoter sequences from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.

Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are synthesized from these amplified DNAtemplates using the Ambion MEGAscript™ kit (Catalog #1626) andrecommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, Tex.) and submitted forinsect bioassay

Example 12

This example illustrates how dsRNA made from the 3′UTR region ofV-ATPase showed the down regulation of the target.

Segments (ca. 300 bp of dsRNA) of the WCR V-ATPase 3′ UTR have been putinto WCR bio-assay and failed to show stunting and mortality within a 12day bio-assay period. Comparably sized segments within the coding regionof the V-ATPase do show significant stunting and mortality at a range ofconcentrations. Northern blots examining total RNA extracted from WCRlarvae fed for 4 days on a V-ATPase 3′ UTR segment (and probed with acoding region probe) showed a significant decline in the V-ATPase targetmRNA relative to untreated control larvae (summarized NBP#7497215).However, detectable message remained, indicating less effectiveknock-down of the target with a 3′ UTR dsRNA segment (vs using a codingregion segment) and/or contribution from a putative second V-ATPase genethat has a significantly diverged 3′ UTR from the primary V-ATPase gene.Southern blot data on WCR is consistent with more than one hybridizinggene sequence within the genome, but examination of ESTs and limitedfamily PCR have not yet demonstrated that a putative second gene istranscribed.

It is important to mention that although it is critical to determine thepotential to stunt and kill larvae, simply monitoring expression of atarget gene by Northern blot or quantitative PCR could also find targetsamenable to RNAi strategies. The results above plus other northernexperiments looking at the V-ATPase target have shown that the RNAeffect on transcript abundance is discernable in insects within hours ofpresentation of the dsRNA.

Example 13

This example illustrates one approach to implementing insect pest genesuppression using a ta-siRNA mediated silencing method.

An alternative method to silence genes in a plant pest uses the recentlydiscovered class of trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA)(Dalmay et al., Cell 101:543-553, 2000; Mourrain et al., Cell101:533-542, 2000; Peragine et al., Genes and Development, 18:2368-2379,2004; Vazquez et al, Mol Cell 16(1):69-79, 2004; Yu et al., Mol PlantMicrobe Interact 16:206-216, 2003). ta-siRNA are derived from singlestrand RNA transcripts that are targeted by naturally occurring miRNAwithin the cell. Methods for using microRNA to trigger ta-siRNA for genesilencing in plants are described in U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 60/643,136 (Carrington et al. 2004), incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. At least one pest specific miRNA expressed ingut epithelial cells of corn rootworm larvae is identified. This pestspecific miRNA is then used to identify at least one target RNAtranscript sequence complementary to the miRNA that is expressed in thecell. The corresponding target sequence is a short sequence of no morethan 21 contiguous nucleotides that, when part of a RNA transcript andcontacted by its corresponding miRNA in a cell type with a functionalRNAi pathway, leads to slicer-mediated cleavage of said transcript. OncemiRNA target sequences are identified, at least one miRNA targetsequence is fused to a second sequence that corresponds to part of apest gene that is to be silenced using this method. For example, themiRNA target sequence(s) is fused to sequences of the corn rootwormvacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) gene. The miRNA target sequence can be placedat the 5′ end, the 3′ end, or embedded in the middle of the V-ATPasegene. It may be preferable to use multiple miRNA target sequencescorresponding to multiple miRNA genes, or use the same miRNA targetsequence multiple times in the chimera of the miRNA target sequence andthe V-ATPase sequence. The V-ATPase sequence can be of any length, witha minimum of 21 bp.

The chimera of the miRNA target sequence(s) and the V-ATPase sequence isexpressed in plant cells using any of a number of appropriate promoterand other transcription regulatory elements, as long as thetranscription occurs in cells types subject to being provided in thediet of the pest, e.g. corn roots for control of corn rootworm.

This method may have the additional advantage of delivering longer RNAmolecules to the target pest. Typically, dsRNA's produced in plants arerapidly processed by Dicer into short RNA's that may not be effectivewhen fed exogenously to some pests. In this method, a single strandtranscript is produced in the plant cell, taken up by the pest, andconverted into a dsRNA in the pest cell where it is then processed intota-siRNA capable of post-transcriptionally silencing one or more genesin one or more target pests.

Example 14

This example illustrates the comparison of CRW cDNA sequences tosequences from sources other than CRW and the identification of (1)sequences in common with those other source sequences and (2) sequencesthat are unique to CRW. cDNA sequences that are conserved between twoorganisms are potential RNAi candidates that can be used to target thegene expression and function of both organisms. Alternatively, it may bedesirable to select sequences for CRW gene suppression for which noknown homologous sequence is present in (a) other pest organisms, (b)non-target organisms, and (c) the plant genome selected fortransformation with the CRW suppression sequence.

Six CRW cDNA sequences were selected for comparison to sequences fromother sources. The specific sequences included sequences encodingalpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin, CHD3, vacuolar proton pump E subunit,V-ATPase A subunit, and thread proteins. The nucleotide sequences are asset forth in SEQ ID NO:40701, SEQ ID NO:40702, SEQ ID NO:40703, SEQ IDNO:40704, SEQ ID NO:40705, SEQ ID NO:40706, respectively. The CRW cDNAsequences were compared to all public cDNA of various organisms fromGenBank using the NCBI megablast program (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol.215:403-410, 1990), the search parameters set as follows:

−W 21 −b50 −v50

requiring at least a 21-mer perfect match and retaining only the top 50best matches and alignments. The results were filtered to include onlyorganisms in the Insecta order, and honey bee (Apis mellifera) wasexcluded. Although the analysis was only done on the six CRW cDNAsequences, the same process may be applied to all cDNA or unigenesequences in CRW or other organism of interest without undue burden orexperimentation.

Using the six CRW cDNA sequences, a total of 145 matches were identifiedfrom 20 distinct insect organisms. These included several pest species,such as pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), Asiatic citrus psyllid(Diaphorina citri) and human lice (Pediculus humansus).

The results are presented in Table 4 below with coordinates of match onthe query sequence and the hit, percent identity of the match, and theinsect species from which the hit sequence was derived. For example, asegment from nucleotide position 844 to 1528 in SEQ ID NO:40701 wasidentified to be substantially identical to a segment from nucleotideposition 812 to 128 from GenBank sequence accession number GI: 47521748derived from pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). These two sequences shareabout 85% identity.

TABLE 4 CRW Unigene sequences and Insect Nucleotide Sequnce HomologsIdentity Identity SEQ ID NO¹ Position² Gene ID³ Poston⁴ % Identity⁵Genus species⁶ 40701 171-1529 GI:14279671  89-1447 83% Chironomustentans 40701 175-938  GI:60297223 69-832 88% Diaprepes abbreviatus40701 171-779  GI:49394745 79-687 89% Drosophila melanogaster 40701769-1528 GI:47537494 827-68  85% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 529-1339GI:55814359 56-865 85% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 729-1469 GI:46995994 1-741 85% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 171-740  GI:49395093 79-652 88%Drosophila melanogaster 40701 166-903  GI:60297353 68-804 85% Diaprepesabbreviatus 40701 171-875  GI:37593891 66-769 85% Pediculus humanus40701 844-1528 GI:47521748 812-128  85% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701351-1255 GI:55798571  1-903 83% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 862-1528GI:55815587  8-674 86% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 415-1520 GI:19773419309-1414 81% Bombyx mori 40701 171-296  GI:19773419 65-190 88% Bombyxmori 40701 415-1520 GI:608680 309-1414 81% Bombyx mori 40701 171-296 GI:608680 65-190 88% Bombyx mori 40701 738-1434 GI:55811699  1-697 85%Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 171-899  GI:37593910 70-799 85% Pediculushumanus 40701 171-1029 GI:55799535 53-911 83% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701817-1492 GI:35508998  7-681 85% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 171-845 GI:25959177 50-724 85% Meladema coriacea 40701 862-1528 GI:55803725726-60  85% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 171-695  GI:49394718 79-603 88%Drosophila melanogaster 40701 838-1528 GI:55813912 827-137  85%Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 171-692  GI:49395499 54-575 88% Drosophilamelanogaster 40701 171-1025 GI:46997250 92-945 83% Acyrthosiphon pisum40701 171-1022 GI:47533429  4-855 83% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 171-998 GI:34788002 122-949  83% Callosobruchus maculatus 40701 171-839 GI:25959137 50-717 85% Meladema coriacea 40701 171-677  GI:4939522184-590 88% Drosophila melanogaster 40701 171-809  GI:25959136 50-688 86%Meladema coriacea 40701 171-816  GI:37593801 66-712 85% Pediculushumanus 40701 171-816  GI:37593472 67-712 85% Pediculus humanus 40701171-848  GI:25959229 47-724 85% Meladema coriacea 40701 171-677 GI:49395496 75-581 88% Drosophila melanogaster 40701 171-659 GI:49395250 83-571 89% Drosophila melanogaster 40701 171-1029GI:46997155 98-953 83% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 904-1528 GI:47519891752-128  86% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 199-1061 GI:55813341  8-870 83%Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701 760-1430 GI:60298750  9-679 85% Diaphorinacitri 40701 171-998  GI:46997667 106-933  83% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40701171-785  GI:25959104 69-684 85% Meladema coriacea 40701 922-1528GI:25959369 697-91  86% Meladema coriacea 40701 922-1528 GI:25959412698-92  86% Meladema coriacea 40701 171-772  GI:25959233 68-669 86%Meladema coriacea 40701 171-677  GI:49395121 74-582 88% Drosophilamelanogaster 40701 199-1029 GI:47534273  1-830 83% Acyrthosiphon pisum40702  90-1385 GI:34787982  56-1351 83% Callosobruchus maculatus 4070274-797 GI:25958562 14-739 88% Curculio glandium 40702 572-1374GI:60297081 25-827 86% Diaprepes abbreviatus 40702 100-1425 GI:19773425 91-1416 81% Bombyx mori 40702 100-1425 GI:2073100 111-1436 81% Bombyxmori 40702 55-738 GI:60297565  7-684 87% Diaprepes abbreviatus 40702131-1425 GI:39842328  28-1322 81% Laodelphax striatellus 40702 688-1449GI:60298019  9-770 85% Diaprepes abbreviatus 40702 61-606 GI:4939490110-557 87% Drosophila melanogaster 40702 61-605 GI:49395418 12-558 87%Drosophila melanogaster 40702 100-1008 GI:2613140 68-976 81% Manducasexta 40702 1064-1416  GI:2613140 1032-1384  83% Manduca sexta 4070261-573 GI:49395445 15-528 87% Drosophila melanogaster 40702 40-582GI:49395189  4-551 86% Drosophila melanogaster 40702 104-918 GI:47518537 27-841 82% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40702 104-784  GI:2595901739-719 83% Meladema coriacea 40702 104-879  GI:47538212 85-860 82%Acyrthosiphon pisum 40702 104-852  GI:47520002 32-780 82% Acyrthosiphonpisum 40702 104-789  GI:47519819 118-803  83% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40702104-789  GI:47532797 106-791  83% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40702 100-708 GI:53910346 73-681 84% Heliconius erato petiverana 40702 100-880 GI:6902132 54-834 82% Bombyx mori 40702 104-789  GI:46999310 91-777 83%Acyrthosiphon pisum 40704 113-263  GI:41578101 124-274  90% Culicoidessonorensis 40704 113-263  GI:41577171 65-215 90% Culicoides sonorensis40704 113-308  GI:15466250 140-335  86% Drosophila melanogaster 40704113-308  GI:15530478 140-335  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 112-308 GI:15516090 140-336  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:49393479 52-247 85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-263 GI:41577256 99-249 88% Culicoides sonorensis 40704 113-308  GI:4140330784-279 85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308  GI:41402978 79-274 85%Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308  GI:41401487 82-277 85% Drosophilamelanogaster 40704 113-308  GI:38628155 176-371  85% Drosophilamelanogaster 40704 118-293  GI:16901350 70-245 87% Ctenocephalides felis40704 118-293  GI:16900951 78-253 87% Ctenocephalides felis 40704113-308  GI:14708726 170-365  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14707923 171-366  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14708035 139-334  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14705944 135-330  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14705959 95-290 85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14705165 108-303  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14703451 150-345  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14703188 95-290 85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14700853 108-303  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14700635 136-331  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14699645 95-290 85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14697887 94-289 85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14697103 136-331  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14696099 137-332  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14696107 136-331  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14695238 95-290 85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14693081 133-328  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40704 113-308 GI:14691490 138-333  85% Drosophila melanogaster 40705 694-1364GI:2454487 811-1481 84% Aedes aegypti 40705 715-1220 GI:22039978  3-50786% Ctenocephalides felis 40705 694-1175 GI:4734043 166-647  85% Aedesaegypti 40705 895-1286 GI:16899106  3-393 87% Ctenocephalides felis40705 895-1286 GI:16899780  6-395 87% Ctenocephalides felis 40705895-1286 GI:16899721  6-396 86% Ctenocephalides felis 40705 961-1286GI:22039013  8-333 87% Ctenocephalides felis 40705 874-1327 GI:3337695530-483 83% Glossina morsitans morsitans 40705 636-1136 GI:46997165360-859  81% Acyrthosiphon pisum 40705 874-1220 GI:33376948 25-371 84%Glossina morsitans morsitans 40705 943-1364 GI:3514814 74-495 82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 943-1364 GI:24583987 1055-1476  82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 694-884  G1:24583987 806-996  82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 943-1364 GI:24583985 967-1388 82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 694-884  GI:24583985 718-908  82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 943-1364 GI:24583983 1052-1473  82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 694-884  GI:24583983 803-993  82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 943-1364 GI:18467973 1049-1470  82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 694-884  GI:18467973 800-990  82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 943-1364 GI:19527546 1052-1473  82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 694-884  GI:19527546 803-993  82%Drosophila melanogaster 40705 1045-1365  GI:4734199  1-321 84% Aedesaegypti 40705 943-1280 GI:51961912 81-418 83% Drosophila simulans 40705734-947  GI:22039138 73-285 87% Ctenocephalides felis 40705 959-1364GI:24583991 1081-1486  81% Drosophila melanogaster 40705 959-1364GI:18467977 1081-1486  81% Drosophila melanogaster 40705 943-1340GI:21355198 994-1391 81% Drosophila melanogaster 40705 694-884 GI:21355198 745-935  82% Drosophila melanogaster 40705 959-1364GI:19528270 1021-1426  81% Drosophila melanogaster 40705 959-1364GI:18859618 951-1356 81% Drosophila melanogaster 40705 943-1340GI:1373432 994-1391 81% Drosophila melanogaster 40705 694-884 GI:1373432 745-935  82% Drosophila melanogaster 40705 959-1364GI:5851682 1021-1426  81% Drosophila melanogaster 40705 142-345 GI:22039875 163-366  87% Ctenocephalides felis 40705 142-345 GI:16901137 217-420  87% Ctenocephalides felis 40705 82-595 GI:34787824112-625  79% Callosobruchus maculatus 40705 142-345  GI:16901267156-360  87% Ctenocephalides felis 40705 771-1022 GI:22005558 58-309 84%Aedes aegypti 40705 96-357 GI:46996282 118-379  83% Acyrthosiphon pisum40705 963-1364 GI:18898890 11-412 80% Anopheles gambiae 40705 967-1364GI:18936027 25-422 80% Anopheles gambiae 40705 61-344 GI:37952369124-407  81% Ips pini 40706 1230-1251  GI:33371240 247-268  100% Glossina morsitans morsitans 40706 1230-1251  GI:33374947 249-270  100% Glossina morsitans morsitans ¹WCR SEQ ID NO as set forth in the sequencelisting; ²Nucleotide position in the SEQ ID NO in column 1 that exhibitssubstantial identity with Gene ID in column 3 on same row; ³Geneaccession number of corresponding matching sequence identified withinpublic database that exhibits substantial identity with column 1 SEQ IDNO; ⁴nucleotide position of sequence identified in column 3 that matcheswith CRW nucleotides specified on same row; ⁵Percentage identity betweenthe WCR SEQ ID NO and Gene ID (comparison of identity between column 2and column 4 sequences on any given row); and ⁶Genus and species oforganism from which the Gene Accession No. sequence was derived.

Example 15

This example illustrates the identification of predicted proteinfunctional domains and gene families from the translation of thenucleotide sequences disclosed herein using sequence matches to knownsequences and existing domain consensus models.

The protein sequences were first produced with a “translator” program,which translated Unigenes into peptide sequences through the followingsteps: homology to known proteins; model-based ab initio gene structureprediction; and longest open reading frame (ORF). Frame shifts due tosequencing errors were corrected. The protein sequences were thensearched against Pfam database, a large collection of multiple sequencealignments and hidden Markov models (HMM) covering many common proteinfamilies (The Pfam Protein Families Database, Bateman et al., NucleicAcids Research 32:D138-D141, 2004). The protein HMM models were searchedwith program HMMPAM (Durbin et al., Biological Sequence Analysis:Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Cambridge UniversityPress, 1998), with the default stringencies. A further filtering wasdone to keep only those matches with an expectation value of 0.1 orsmaller as significant matches. Of the 20303 Corn rootworm peptidesequences, 4199 (21%) were identified with 1317 distinct protein domainsand families.

The analysis results were presented in the feature fields of thesequence listing file with these attributes: Pfam name, Pfamdescription, and match level with HMMPFAM score, expectation value(E-value) and number of copies of the domain in the peptide sequence.

Example 16

This example illustrates a method for providing a DNA sequence fordsRNA-mediated gene silencing. More specifically, this example describesselection of an improved DNA useful in dsRNA-mediated gene silencing by(a) selecting from a target gene an initial DNA sequence including morethan 21 contiguous nucleotides; (b) identifying at least one shorter DNAsequence derived from regions of the initial DNA sequence consisting ofregions predicted to not generate undesirable polypeptides; and (c)selecting a DNA sequence for dsRNA-mediated gene silencing that includesthe at least one shorter DNA sequence. Undesirable polypeptides include,but are not limited to, polypeptides homologous to allergenicpolypeptides and polypeptides homologous to known polypeptide toxins.

WCR V-ATPase has been demonstrated to function in corn rootworm feedingassays to test dsRNA mediated silencing as a means of controlling larvalgrowth. A cDNA sequence from a vacuolar ATPase gene (V-ATPase) fromWestern corn rootworm (WCR) (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) wasselected for use as an initial DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO. 40707). Thisinitial DNA sequence was screened for regions within which everycontiguous fragment including at least 21 nucleotides matched fewer than21 out of 21 contiguous nucleotides of known vertebrate sequences. Threesequence segments greater than about 100 contiguous nucleotides thatwere free of such 21/21 hits were identified; a first sequence segmentcorresponding to nucleotide position 739-839, a second sequence segmentcorresponding to nucleotide position 849-987, and a third sequencesegment corresponding to nucleotide position 998-1166 as set forth inSEQ ID NO:40707. These three sequence segments were combined toconstruct a chimeric DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 40772) for use indsRNA-mediated gene silencing of the corresponding CRW V-ATPase codingsequence. The novel chimeric DNA sequence was tested in the CRW bioassaydescribed above.

All publications, patents and published patent applications mentioned inthis specification are herein incorporated by reference as if eachindividual publication or patent was specially and individually statedto be incorporated by reference.

1-45. (canceled)
 46. A pesticide composition comprising adouble-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that functions upon ingestion by a plantpest to inhibit the expression of a target sequence within said pest,wherein said composition is topically applied to a plant and provided inthe diet of said pest.
 47. The composition of claim 46, wherein saiddsRNA is comprised in a microbe that produces said dsRNA and is appliedto the plant.
 48. The composition of claim 47, wherein said compositionis topically applied using a spray mixer, is applied to the plantsurface as matrix encapsulated RNA, or is applied as a seed coating. 49.The composition of claim 46, wherein said plant pest is a Coleopteranpest selected from the group consisting of a Diabrotica spp. pest, aLeptinotarsa spp. pest, a Tribolium spp. pest, a Anthonomous spp. pest,a Cyclocephala spp. pest, and a Polyphaga spp. pest.
 50. The compositionof claim 49, wherein said Diabrotica spp. pest is a corn rootworm pestselected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera (Western CornRootworm, WCR), Diabrotica barberi (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabroticabalteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm (BZR), Diabrotica viridula (BrazilianCorn Rootworm (BZR), Diabrotica speciosi (Brazilian Corn Rootworm(BZR)), and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm,SCR).
 51. The composition of claim 46, wherein said composition istopically applied as a seed coating.
 52. A method for controlling pestinfestation on a plant, comprising topically applying to said plant apesticide composition comprising a dsRNA targeting for suppression of anessential gene in said pest and providing said plant in the diet of saidpest.
 53. The method of claim 52, wherein said dsRNA is topicallyapplied using a spray mixer, by expressing said dsRNA in a microbe andapplying the microbe onto said plant, or by applying said dsRNA in atopical application further comprising at least a first Bacillusthuringiensis insecticidal protein.
 54. The method of claim 52, whereinsaid composition comprises dsRNA encapsulated in a synthetic matrix andapplied to said plant surface or a seed coating.
 55. The method of claim54, wherein said matrix is a polymer.
 56. The method of claim 54,wherein said composition is topically applied as a microbe that isengineered to express said dsRNA or comprises a fermentation productfrom said microbe.
 57. The method of claim 52, wherein said compositionfurther comprises one or more additives selected from stickers, wetters,and UV protectants for foliar application.
 58. The method of claim 56,wherein said composition comprises a granular formulation for soilapplication.
 59. The method of claim 52, further comprising topicallyapplying to said plant one or more Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidalproteins.
 60. The method of claim 52, wherein said plant comprises anucleic acid sequence encoding at least a first Bacillus thuringiensisinsecticidal protein.
 61. The method of claim 59, wherein said Bacillusthuringiensis insecticidal protein is selected from the group consistingof a Cry1, a Cry3, a TIC851, a CryET70, a Cry22, a binary insecticidalprotein CryET33 and CryET34, a binary insecticidal protein CryET80 andCryET76, a binary insecticidal protein TIC100 and TIC101, a binaryinsecticidal protein PS149B1, a VIP insecticidal protein, a TIC900 orrelated protein, a TIC901, a TIC1201, a TIC407, a TIC417, and aninsecticidal chimera thereof.
 62. The method of claim 52, wherein saidplant expresses a dsRNA for suppression of an essential gene in saidpest.
 63. A method for reducing or eliminating invertebrate pestinfestation on a plant, comprising topically applying to the seed beforeplanting a pesticidally effective amount of a pesticide compositioncomprising a dsRNA targeting for suppression of an essential gene insaid pest.
 64. The method of claim 63, wherein said pesticidallyeffective amount ranges from about 10 g to about 2000 g of the pesticidecomposition per 100 kg of weight of the seed.
 65. The method of claim64, wherein said pesticidally effective amount ranges from about 50 g toabout 1000 g of the pesticide composition per 100 kg of weight of theseed.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein said pesticidally effectiveamount ranges from about 100 g to about 600 g of the pesticidecomposition per 100 kg of weight of the seed.
 67. The method of claim63, wherein said pesticidally effective amount is over about 60 g of theactive ingredient of said composition per 100 kg of weight of the seed.68. A method for delivering the composition of claim 46 to an insect,comprising exposing said insect to a diet containing said composition,or overlaying said composition on top of an insect diet and exposingsaid insect to said diet.